I. THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II.
0.
Carlist War 1. THE STAGE OF THE REGENCY (1833-1843)
1.1. M ª Cristina
1833-1840 1.2. 1840-1843 Espartero
2. THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II (1843-1868)
2.1.
moderate decade 1844-1854 2.2. Progressive Biennium
1854-1856 2.3. Back to conservatism and 1856-1868 crisis
0. The dynastic conflict and the Carlist War
Fernando VII had no offspring until the birth of Elizabeth. Castilian laws allowed the reign of a woman, but the Bourbon (Salic law) forbade it. Fernando published the Pragmatic Sanction nullifying the law. The absolutists, meanwhile, had moved closer to Carlos María Isidro, Fernando's brother and heir according to the Salic Law. He tried to convince Fernando to repeal the Pragmatic Sanction, which led to a confrontation between them. Fernando VII died in 1833 leaving Isabel three years and a candidate Carlos María Isidro aunaba the absolutists.
took the regency of Fernando VII's wife, Maria Cristina de Borbon, who had to rely on the Liberals, as the absolutists were with his brother. These will be called Carlist. The Carlist were anti-liberal and traditional. Gathered much of the rural nobility, many of the clergy and peasants especially in the north, the Basque Country, Navarra, much of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia. Smallholders, craftsmen and impoverished tenants wary of legal equality and the separation of Church and State, and above all, the abolition of privileges. The motto of the Carlist was "God, Country, King" and later "God, country and abroad", combining the concepts of divine law and customary laws.
The first war lasted 6 years. It began with the Carlist uprising in the Basque Country and Navarra. However, big cities like Bilbao, who had a major industrial development and a burgeoning bourgeoisie, remained outside the Carlist. The Carlist guerrillas were organized in the so called "games." The most important of these was the general Zumalacárregui, who died in the siege of Bilbao. Charles received the support of the absolutist powers such as Russia, Austria and Prussia, while Isabel was supported by Britain, France and Portugal. Within the Carlist
distinguish the transactions , supporters of an agreement with the Liberals, and the intransigent or "apostolic." After the victory of Espartero, the Carlist general's hand Maroto signed the Vergara (Abrazo de Vergara, 1839). This agreement allowed the Carlist army integration in the Elizabethan and the negotiation of charters in the Basque Country and Navarra. Some items, under the command of General Cabrera, continued in Maestrazgo (Castellón).
1. THE STAGE OF THE REGENCY (1833-1843)
1.1. M ª Cristina 1833-1840
Confirm the government to CEA BERMUDEZ, an enlightened absolutism was with FVII (1832-1834). To his credit, one can say that facilitates the transition to liberal regime. Administrative reforms and the creation of the Ministry of Development. A charge of Javier de Burgos, who directs the division into provinces (1834) and the creation of sub-delegation of building (provincial governors).
Liberals pressure and to save the throne, Maria Cristina calls F º MARTÍNEZ DE LA ROSA (January 1834), known to the liberal triennium. Drawing up a Royal Charter (1834)
- Inspired by the French, 1814 Letter Issued. But incomplete.
- Do not provide either national sovereignty or even bill of rights.
- Do not speak of the executive or judicial
- The courts have no legislative power, since it is a "real grace, yes, they had the right to petition. Just voted taxes.
- were divided into:
- Estate of the Heroes: real name, bishops of Spain ...
- Estate of Attorneys: voting based on census (0.15% of the population)
Liberals defend, as their ideas are not in Parliament, but in the press, talk shows and clubs. Distinguished and moderates and progressives.
1835. Year of poor harvests and anger, resulting movements instigated by the bourgeoisie. In Barcelona burned convents and factories. Joints are formed, supported by the urban militia, they assume the government and present claims (call for cuts, reform of the electoral law and freedom of the press. Martínez de la Rosa resigned and was appointed Count of Toreno. Carlist uprising breaks out.
The Crown called MENDIZÁBAL JUAN DE ALVAREZ, progressive, hard working and six months in county councils created to control the boards and supported by prosecutors. Convert Military service in the National Guard to deal with the Carlist. It has to resign strong opposition. Called FRANCISCO JAVIER Isturiz moderate. Progressives are strong in large cities (because they are bourgeois). Resume pronouncements (July-August 1836). Uprisings in cities. Statement of the Garrison Sergeants Farm (August). All Maria Cristina forces to proclaim the Constitution of 1812. Government
JOSÉ M ª CALATRAVA, progressive. Liberal revolution begins with the promulgation of the Constitution of 1837, review of 1812, and another set of laws to end the old regime.
CONSTITUTION OF 1837, is progressive and moderate elements
progressive elements.
- national sovereignty, but in any article recognized.
- Individual rights, freedom of the press
- Local residents appointed by
- National Military
moderate elements - legislative power resides in Parliament with the King
- Powers of the King: to call, suspend and dissolve the Cortes
power legislate freely appoint and dismiss ministers
- bicameral structure:
- Senate, chosen by King
- Congress of Deputies: direct vote based on census (22%) are the owners
and "capabilities", the professions,
administration, army ...
- Catholic Religion: The requirement of holding the Catholic Church
rating, progressive, but not back to the beginning of 1812 and only meant as a concession to mild and moderate liberals more progressive, as evidenced by the election of the government by King but approved by the courts. Here you see the role as moderator of the Crown. Some think it is more technical than that of 1812, but is halfway between it and the Royal Charter. Collect the existing constitutional in Europe (France, 1830, Luis Felipe de Orleans, and Belgium 1831). For Julien, is of French inspiration, however, he says, did not bring the consolidation of a system similar to the French. The heads of state were not referees, but handed power to his favorite politicians. LEGISLATIVE WORK
CALATRAVA GOVERNMENT.
- Encourage the domestic market.
- Dissolution of the manorial system and primogeniture. Are deleted and that ancestral courts become the property of the nobility
- Abolition of tithing
- Mendizabal ecclesiastical confiscation. (See separate item)
prepared Moderates rebellions, although some work with the government. Win the elections in 1837 and returned to power, cutting the Constitution (with the press law and the law of municipalities). However consolidate the changes. His new bill municipalities, centralist cause a new wave of protests and Maria Cristina fall (October 1840), which goes into exile.
1.2. 1840-1843 General
Espartero
progressive, highly respected by the Carlist War. Will appoint as heads of government to men of his confidence, thanks to the privileges of the Constitution of 1837.
is a period of political instability:
- In the army, among ayacuchos (supporters Espartero) and the rest
- In the progressives, between civilian leaders against military power, and the left wing Democrats, even some Republicans related to the urban proletariat.
- In the moderate and conspire supported from exile by Maria Cristina. Harsh repression against them.
1842. Insurrection in Catalonia by the news of a trade agreement free trade with Britain. From Barcelona Montjuic is bombarded. Espartero is isolated, there are numerous plots to his downfall: moderate military, civil and progressive Democrats. S. of rebellion and begins Olózaga Narvaez, moderate general faces in Torrejón. In July 1843 Goes into exile Espartero British.
>
2. THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II (1843-1868)
Consolidation of the liberal state, type doctrinaire conservative. The moderate party power drink except in the 1854-56 biennium.
2.1. Decade 1844-1854
moderate political instability after appointing Isabel of age in November 1843. NARVÁEZ comes to power, the greatsword of Loja (1843). It produced the constitution of 1845, similar to that of 1837, nearly reproduced.
The remaining amendments made by laws:
- Rearranged territorial. Ordinance. Centralism, with the provinces of Javier de Burgos. Basque Country and Navarra retain their privileges cuts. Prefects are created.
- unitary legal order.
penal code - Reform of Public Education: Pedro Jose Pidal
University - Modernization of the army, especially the Navy.
- Creation of the Peseta.
- Alejandro Finance Reform MON, which lasts until today:
- Direct taxes: tax (on urban real estate and income of rural estates, 25% of revenues).
- Indirect taxes: consumption, and transmission assets.
- Monopolies
- Creation of the Civil Guard, public order, the bandits, is the rejoinder to the National Military. Created by Duque de Ahumada. A para-military body.
- Administration civil service, hierarchy, rationalization and selection of members. BRAVO MURILLO (1852), with rules on access to the public.
is a time when political practice is governed by the military, which used the term "Praetorian parliamentarism." Also important is the role of the Crown, rather than moderating political forces, is leaving power to his cronies, systematically driving out the liberals.
To improve relations with the Holy See, (damaged by the seizure of Mendizábal) in 1851 signed a concordat. The Holy See accepted the confiscation in exchange for the State assumes the obligation to maintain the Church.
Spain and 1848. The revolutionary wave across Europe is feared and Narvaez, at the news from Paris, assumed emergency powers. There are riots in March in Madrid and in summer in the East, Andalusia, Catalonia ... Are driven by progressives, Democrats and Republicans. While bursts Carlist War 2, when Carlos María Isidro dead and replaced by his son, the Earl of Montemolín (Charles VI for his followers). The government is more conservative and do not notice the revolutionary wave. As a reward, the Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia and Austria) recognize Elizabeth II, although they attracted more Carlist.
government becomes more conservative, and in 1852, Bravo Murillo, head of government, famous for building the Canal de Isabel II-moon has unparliamentary constitutional reform and authoritarian character, very similar to that of Louis Napoleon in France. A kind of technocratic dictatorship. The opposition is total and consistent moderate, progressive ... Bravo Murillo resigned in December 1852. Happen unstable and corrupt governments like those of Roncali, Lersundi or Sarturius, which is even rejected by the Crown, the people, liberals, moderates ...
2.2. Progressive Biennium 1854-1856.
More than a revolution are three:
- Revolution from above: moderate. Leopoldo O'Donnell to pronounce on the Vicalvaro
- He supports the young Cánovas with the Manifesto of Manzanares.
- civil mobilization of progressives, the three glorious days. Revolution from below: Boards of Salvation, with democratic and republican ideology in Madrid, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bValencia, Zaragoza, Sevilla, Granada and San Sebastian.
To halt the Revolution, the Queen instructs Espartero, which shares power with O'Donnell. It is a covenant between moderates and progressives.
It produced the constitution of 1856 NATA-NON-progressive character
- National sovereignty
- Limitation of power to the Crown, though it still has the legislative power, approves and promulgates the laws and the right of veto.
- elected Congress and Senate. With permanent deputation
- also elected provincial and local governments.
- Comprehensive Bill of Rights.
- National Military
. Confessional state, but not persecution of other faiths.
economic reforms in the financial system as the laws for corporations and the issuing bank is only the Banco de San Fernando, former San Carlos, which is now called Bank of Spain. Also it draws up regulations for railway construction, the basic network is radial and attract French capital. Perhaps most important is the confiscation of MADOZ.
These two years are very unstable: the Carlist (1855-1956), social conflict with the first general strikes in Catalonia / June 1835). Freedom of association claim, and 10-hour joint tribunals to mediate labor disputes.
The covenant is broken and it O'Donnell, supported by the Crown forms government in July 1856
2.3. Back to conservatism and crisis. 1856.1868
O'Donnell, as the Liberal Union, alternating in power with Narvaez. Until 1858 was followed by several moderate and centrist governments. Log back into effect the constitution of 1845.
enters into force in 1857 the Public Instruction Act of Claudio Moyano, with compulsory primary education. Also in that year is the first population census. From June 1858 to February 1863 O'Donnel rules with the Liberal Union, which more than one party is a political project to support some elites, the most progressive of the moderates and the more moderate progressives.
is a period of political stability, ensuring a majority in Parliament, but also a minority representation of moderate and progressive. Also is a time of economic progress that encourages enthusiasm for intervention in the interior. To search for international prestige are expeditions: War of Morocco (1969-1960), Santo Domingo (61-65), Mexico (61-62), Pacific (63-66) and Conchincina (56-63). Also reflects the spirit of romantic nationalism.
problems of the period are the Carlist uprising in San Carlos de la Rapita, the Andalusian peasant uprising (1857 in Utrera and El Arahal, and 1861 in Loja) and internal discussions within the Liberal Union.
The crisis began in 1863 by political instability, with seven governments in five years, including those of Narvaez and O'Donnell. Decomposes the Liberal Union. Liberals refuse to continue participating in the election fraud, going to the Democrats. Prim and other progressive military begin Villarejo pronouncements like to save you (January 1866). Democrats increase their followers. Sergeants revolt in the Quarter of San Gil (June 1866) with swift repression (66 shot) Intellectuals and Castelar (D) was dismissed from his teaching. Mobilize universities, students are faced with several Civil Guard killed in the night of San Daniel (April 1865)
accompanies an economic crisis, financial actions to sink rail and held by the speculation in the industry crisis Catalan American Civil War that cuts the import of cotton. There is also a crisis of subsistence in 1867.68. Finally there is a social crisis of unemployment and discontent financial bourgeois regime recedes and the crown. Progressives, Democrats and Republicans plan a common strategy, the PACT Ostende (August 1866). Unionists, who died O'Donnel (November 1867) joined the pact. A crown is left with only the clique, with sections of the lnobleza and the Church. Statement in September 1868 with Topete in Cadiz, Prim and Serrano (former unionist) defeats the Elizabethans in Alcolea. VIVA SPAIN WITH HONOR! The queen was exiled in France.
0.
Carlist War 1. THE STAGE OF THE REGENCY (1833-1843)
1.1. M ª Cristina
1833-1840 1.2. 1840-1843 Espartero
2. THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II (1843-1868)
2.1.
moderate decade 1844-1854 2.2. Progressive Biennium
1854-1856 2.3. Back to conservatism and 1856-1868 crisis
0. The dynastic conflict and the Carlist War
Fernando VII had no offspring until the birth of Elizabeth. Castilian laws allowed the reign of a woman, but the Bourbon (Salic law) forbade it. Fernando published the Pragmatic Sanction nullifying the law. The absolutists, meanwhile, had moved closer to Carlos María Isidro, Fernando's brother and heir according to the Salic Law. He tried to convince Fernando to repeal the Pragmatic Sanction, which led to a confrontation between them. Fernando VII died in 1833 leaving Isabel three years and a candidate Carlos María Isidro aunaba the absolutists.
took the regency of Fernando VII's wife, Maria Cristina de Borbon, who had to rely on the Liberals, as the absolutists were with his brother. These will be called Carlist. The Carlist were anti-liberal and traditional. Gathered much of the rural nobility, many of the clergy and peasants especially in the north, the Basque Country, Navarra, much of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia. Smallholders, craftsmen and impoverished tenants wary of legal equality and the separation of Church and State, and above all, the abolition of privileges. The motto of the Carlist was "God, Country, King" and later "God, country and abroad", combining the concepts of divine law and customary laws.
The first war lasted 6 years. It began with the Carlist uprising in the Basque Country and Navarra. However, big cities like Bilbao, who had a major industrial development and a burgeoning bourgeoisie, remained outside the Carlist. The Carlist guerrillas were organized in the so called "games." The most important of these was the general Zumalacárregui, who died in the siege of Bilbao. Charles received the support of the absolutist powers such as Russia, Austria and Prussia, while Isabel was supported by Britain, France and Portugal. Within the Carlist
distinguish the transactions , supporters of an agreement with the Liberals, and the intransigent or "apostolic." After the victory of Espartero, the Carlist general's hand Maroto signed the Vergara (Abrazo de Vergara, 1839). This agreement allowed the Carlist army integration in the Elizabethan and the negotiation of charters in the Basque Country and Navarra. Some items, under the command of General Cabrera, continued in Maestrazgo (Castellón).
1. THE STAGE OF THE REGENCY (1833-1843)
1.1. M ª Cristina 1833-1840
Confirm the government to CEA BERMUDEZ, an enlightened absolutism was with FVII (1832-1834). To his credit, one can say that facilitates the transition to liberal regime. Administrative reforms and the creation of the Ministry of Development. A charge of Javier de Burgos, who directs the division into provinces (1834) and the creation of sub-delegation of building (provincial governors).
Liberals pressure and to save the throne, Maria Cristina calls F º MARTÍNEZ DE LA ROSA (January 1834), known to the liberal triennium. Drawing up a Royal Charter (1834)
- Inspired by the French, 1814 Letter Issued. But incomplete.
- Do not provide either national sovereignty or even bill of rights.
- Do not speak of the executive or judicial
- The courts have no legislative power, since it is a "real grace, yes, they had the right to petition. Just voted taxes.
- were divided into:
- Estate of the Heroes: real name, bishops of Spain ...
- Estate of Attorneys: voting based on census (0.15% of the population)
Liberals defend, as their ideas are not in Parliament, but in the press, talk shows and clubs. Distinguished and moderates and progressives.
1835. Year of poor harvests and anger, resulting movements instigated by the bourgeoisie. In Barcelona burned convents and factories. Joints are formed, supported by the urban militia, they assume the government and present claims (call for cuts, reform of the electoral law and freedom of the press. Martínez de la Rosa resigned and was appointed Count of Toreno. Carlist uprising breaks out.
The Crown called MENDIZÁBAL JUAN DE ALVAREZ, progressive, hard working and six months in county councils created to control the boards and supported by prosecutors. Convert Military service in the National Guard to deal with the Carlist. It has to resign strong opposition. Called FRANCISCO JAVIER Isturiz moderate. Progressives are strong in large cities (because they are bourgeois). Resume pronouncements (July-August 1836). Uprisings in cities. Statement of the Garrison Sergeants Farm (August). All Maria Cristina forces to proclaim the Constitution of 1812. Government
JOSÉ M ª CALATRAVA, progressive. Liberal revolution begins with the promulgation of the Constitution of 1837, review of 1812, and another set of laws to end the old regime.
CONSTITUTION OF 1837, is progressive and moderate elements
progressive elements.
- national sovereignty, but in any article recognized.
- Individual rights, freedom of the press
- Local residents appointed by
- National Military
moderate elements - legislative power resides in Parliament with the King
- Powers of the King: to call, suspend and dissolve the Cortes
power legislate freely appoint and dismiss ministers
- bicameral structure:
- Senate, chosen by King
- Congress of Deputies: direct vote based on census (22%) are the owners
and "capabilities", the professions,
administration, army ...
- Catholic Religion: The requirement of holding the Catholic Church
rating, progressive, but not back to the beginning of 1812 and only meant as a concession to mild and moderate liberals more progressive, as evidenced by the election of the government by King but approved by the courts. Here you see the role as moderator of the Crown. Some think it is more technical than that of 1812, but is halfway between it and the Royal Charter. Collect the existing constitutional in Europe (France, 1830, Luis Felipe de Orleans, and Belgium 1831). For Julien, is of French inspiration, however, he says, did not bring the consolidation of a system similar to the French. The heads of state were not referees, but handed power to his favorite politicians. LEGISLATIVE WORK
CALATRAVA GOVERNMENT.
- Encourage the domestic market.
- Dissolution of the manorial system and primogeniture. Are deleted and that ancestral courts become the property of the nobility
- Abolition of tithing
- Mendizabal ecclesiastical confiscation. (See separate item)
prepared Moderates rebellions, although some work with the government. Win the elections in 1837 and returned to power, cutting the Constitution (with the press law and the law of municipalities). However consolidate the changes. His new bill municipalities, centralist cause a new wave of protests and Maria Cristina fall (October 1840), which goes into exile.
1.2. 1840-1843 General
Espartero
progressive, highly respected by the Carlist War. Will appoint as heads of government to men of his confidence, thanks to the privileges of the Constitution of 1837.
is a period of political instability:
- In the army, among ayacuchos (supporters Espartero) and the rest
- In the progressives, between civilian leaders against military power, and the left wing Democrats, even some Republicans related to the urban proletariat.
- In the moderate and conspire supported from exile by Maria Cristina. Harsh repression against them.
1842. Insurrection in Catalonia by the news of a trade agreement free trade with Britain. From Barcelona Montjuic is bombarded. Espartero is isolated, there are numerous plots to his downfall: moderate military, civil and progressive Democrats. S. of rebellion and begins Olózaga Narvaez, moderate general faces in Torrejón. In July 1843 Goes into exile Espartero British.
>
2. THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II (1843-1868)
Consolidation of the liberal state, type doctrinaire conservative. The moderate party power drink except in the 1854-56 biennium.
2.1. Decade 1844-1854
moderate political instability after appointing Isabel of age in November 1843. NARVÁEZ comes to power, the greatsword of Loja (1843). It produced the constitution of 1845, similar to that of 1837, nearly reproduced.
The remaining amendments made by laws:
- Rearranged territorial. Ordinance. Centralism, with the provinces of Javier de Burgos. Basque Country and Navarra retain their privileges cuts. Prefects are created.
- unitary legal order.
penal code - Reform of Public Education: Pedro Jose Pidal
University - Modernization of the army, especially the Navy.
- Creation of the Peseta.
- Alejandro Finance Reform MON, which lasts until today:
- Direct taxes: tax (on urban real estate and income of rural estates, 25% of revenues).
- Indirect taxes: consumption, and transmission assets.
- Monopolies
- Creation of the Civil Guard, public order, the bandits, is the rejoinder to the National Military. Created by Duque de Ahumada. A para-military body.
- Administration civil service, hierarchy, rationalization and selection of members. BRAVO MURILLO (1852), with rules on access to the public.
is a time when political practice is governed by the military, which used the term "Praetorian parliamentarism." Also important is the role of the Crown, rather than moderating political forces, is leaving power to his cronies, systematically driving out the liberals.
To improve relations with the Holy See, (damaged by the seizure of Mendizábal) in 1851 signed a concordat. The Holy See accepted the confiscation in exchange for the State assumes the obligation to maintain the Church.
Spain and 1848. The revolutionary wave across Europe is feared and Narvaez, at the news from Paris, assumed emergency powers. There are riots in March in Madrid and in summer in the East, Andalusia, Catalonia ... Are driven by progressives, Democrats and Republicans. While bursts Carlist War 2, when Carlos María Isidro dead and replaced by his son, the Earl of Montemolín (Charles VI for his followers). The government is more conservative and do not notice the revolutionary wave. As a reward, the Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia and Austria) recognize Elizabeth II, although they attracted more Carlist.
government becomes more conservative, and in 1852, Bravo Murillo, head of government, famous for building the Canal de Isabel II-moon has unparliamentary constitutional reform and authoritarian character, very similar to that of Louis Napoleon in France. A kind of technocratic dictatorship. The opposition is total and consistent moderate, progressive ... Bravo Murillo resigned in December 1852. Happen unstable and corrupt governments like those of Roncali, Lersundi or Sarturius, which is even rejected by the Crown, the people, liberals, moderates ...
2.2. Progressive Biennium 1854-1856.
More than a revolution are three:
- Revolution from above: moderate. Leopoldo O'Donnell to pronounce on the Vicalvaro
- He supports the young Cánovas with the Manifesto of Manzanares.
- civil mobilization of progressives, the three glorious days. Revolution from below: Boards of Salvation, with democratic and republican ideology in Madrid, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bValencia, Zaragoza, Sevilla, Granada and San Sebastian.
To halt the Revolution, the Queen instructs Espartero, which shares power with O'Donnell. It is a covenant between moderates and progressives.
It produced the constitution of 1856 NATA-NON-progressive character
- National sovereignty
- Limitation of power to the Crown, though it still has the legislative power, approves and promulgates the laws and the right of veto.
- elected Congress and Senate. With permanent deputation
- also elected provincial and local governments.
- Comprehensive Bill of Rights.
- National Military
. Confessional state, but not persecution of other faiths.
economic reforms in the financial system as the laws for corporations and the issuing bank is only the Banco de San Fernando, former San Carlos, which is now called Bank of Spain. Also it draws up regulations for railway construction, the basic network is radial and attract French capital. Perhaps most important is the confiscation of MADOZ.
These two years are very unstable: the Carlist (1855-1956), social conflict with the first general strikes in Catalonia / June 1835). Freedom of association claim, and 10-hour joint tribunals to mediate labor disputes.
The covenant is broken and it O'Donnell, supported by the Crown forms government in July 1856
2.3. Back to conservatism and crisis. 1856.1868
O'Donnell, as the Liberal Union, alternating in power with Narvaez. Until 1858 was followed by several moderate and centrist governments. Log back into effect the constitution of 1845.
enters into force in 1857 the Public Instruction Act of Claudio Moyano, with compulsory primary education. Also in that year is the first population census. From June 1858 to February 1863 O'Donnel rules with the Liberal Union, which more than one party is a political project to support some elites, the most progressive of the moderates and the more moderate progressives.
is a period of political stability, ensuring a majority in Parliament, but also a minority representation of moderate and progressive. Also is a time of economic progress that encourages enthusiasm for intervention in the interior. To search for international prestige are expeditions: War of Morocco (1969-1960), Santo Domingo (61-65), Mexico (61-62), Pacific (63-66) and Conchincina (56-63). Also reflects the spirit of romantic nationalism.
problems of the period are the Carlist uprising in San Carlos de la Rapita, the Andalusian peasant uprising (1857 in Utrera and El Arahal, and 1861 in Loja) and internal discussions within the Liberal Union.
The crisis began in 1863 by political instability, with seven governments in five years, including those of Narvaez and O'Donnell. Decomposes the Liberal Union. Liberals refuse to continue participating in the election fraud, going to the Democrats. Prim and other progressive military begin Villarejo pronouncements like to save you (January 1866). Democrats increase their followers. Sergeants revolt in the Quarter of San Gil (June 1866) with swift repression (66 shot) Intellectuals and Castelar (D) was dismissed from his teaching. Mobilize universities, students are faced with several Civil Guard killed in the night of San Daniel (April 1865)
accompanies an economic crisis, financial actions to sink rail and held by the speculation in the industry crisis Catalan American Civil War that cuts the import of cotton. There is also a crisis of subsistence in 1867.68. Finally there is a social crisis of unemployment and discontent financial bourgeois regime recedes and the crown. Progressives, Democrats and Republicans plan a common strategy, the PACT Ostende (August 1866). Unionists, who died O'Donnel (November 1867) joined the pact. A crown is left with only the clique, with sections of the lnobleza and the Church. Statement in September 1868 with Topete in Cadiz, Prim and Serrano (former unionist) defeats the Elizabethans in Alcolea. VIVA SPAIN WITH HONOR! The queen was exiled in France.
