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Note 9. Military uprising and Civil War (1936-1939).

1. military uprising.

Emilio Mola was the mastermind of the coup. His idea was a series of simultaneous uprisings in the greatest number of fittings. The strategy was extremely violent, declaring martial law and the detention and removal of top political leaders and trade union left. The plan was not clear whether to establish a military dictatorship that would remove the danger of the Popular Front reforms and return to the republic or the monarchy. Royalists and CEDA wanted a return to the traditional monarchy.

Calvo Sotelo's murder in retaliation for Lt. Castillo eventually decided the date. The uprising, planned for July 18 began in Melilla, 17 and immediately spread to the rest of the English protectorate in Morocco. Franco received a cable and flown to take command of troops from Morocco.

Between 18 and 20 July, the uprising spread to the rest English territory. Queipo de Llano seized power in Seville, using indiscriminate terror and crushing workers' resistance. Also rose fittings Cadiz, Cordoba and Granada. Mola took Navarra with the support of the Carlist requetés. In Zaragoza Cabanellas mastered most of Aragon. The military coup took power in Castile and Leon, most of Galicia, Extremadura and part of Mallorca.

In Madrid, the rebels led by Fanjul became strong in the headquarters of the Mountain, who was assaulted by armed workers. In Valencia, the indecision of the rebels that the government provided to control the region. Forces in Barcelona public order remained loyal to the republic and with armed militia of anarchists dominated Goded rebellion.

The uprising failed in most major cities. Triumphed in the areas of inland Spain, agricultural areas with a predominance of large estates worked by laborers or in the hands of smallholders and especially the Church. The most backward and conservative Spain. The groups that supported the rebels were soldiers conservative landowners, monarchists, right-wing parties, Catholic, traditionalist and small traders, and representatives of the big banks and big industrialists. Many were inspired by fascism. The rebels themselves were called "national" and justified their action as the only way to restore order and destroy the enemies of the fatherland, anarchists, communists, socialists and separatists (Catalan and Basque nationalists). All of them described as "red."

Republic loyalists classes were made up of workers and urban workers, landless peasants and petty bourgeoisie. Majority were members of socialist organizations, mostly communists and syndicalists. Middle class Republican also supported the republic, but with fear of social revolution. These are called "Republicans" and clearly divided between anarchists, socialists and communists. The Republican side had the reserves of the Bank of Spain and major industrial areas.

English Civil War can be considered as the first chapter of the World War in which democracies face and fascism, but mostly it's the big showdown between the dominant groups (upper middle class, traditional sectors and the Church Army ) trying to prevent reforms of the labor movement so as not to give up their privileged position. Anyway, the membership of each side should be considered at a level microsociological, where family loyalties, friendships, or are so random weight and social class affiliation. This justifies the Catholic workers sympathetic to the rebels before the class unions and heterogeneous groups of small holders, laborers, industrial high end up supporting the coup.

2. The international dimension of the conflict

Although it was an internal conflict with the population characteristics are highly polarized, socially, economically and ideologically, the Civil War broke out in a critical moment in international relations. Given the crisis of the 30 were facing the "solutions" democratic and totalitarian. The great European democracies (France and Britain) against fascist and Nazi totalitarianism. The fear of confrontation, and some support from some members of the British government, with Nazism justified some inaction on the part of these democracies. It is also considered the Civil War as a clash between Western civilization and atheistic communism. War promoted a sense of international solidarity for the English republic.

In general world public opinion favored the republic except the Conservatives who saw the rise of Franco as a deterrent to communism. Traditional Catholicism also was with the rebels (Ireland sent volunteers in response to the killings of clergy). The pope took time to speak out and was supporting Franco.

The initial reaction of the French Popular Front government was to help, but not implemented, especially in the neutral of the UK Conservative government, which feared that any intervention in the English conflict to compromise its policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany. In late August 1936, 27 countries, including Germany, Italy and the USSR signed the Non-intervention, which could not be exported to Spain, weapons, ammunition and all kinds of war material. Democratic government U.S. did not sign the agreement but maintained neutrality.

In practice, the nonintervention agreement was a sham because the rebels were aided by Germany and Italy also supported by Portugal, while the legitimate government was unable to buy weapons. Only at the end of 1937 got military aid from the USSR and some of Mexico, which was especially host nation of the exiles. The assistance from the USSR in military equipment (planes, tanks, fuel), pilots, technicians and policy advisers was important to sustain the republic and prevent its collapse. But this aid (always paid in cash) was not as copious and regular as italogermana. Stalin's decision to intervene in the civil war responded mainly political and strategic reasons. A defeat of the French republic and strengthen weaken the Nazi-Fascist Axis. This aid had to be paid as Largo Caballero sent the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to Moscow.

particular way and organized by the unions and organizations, many volunteers, workers, professionals, middle class, intellectuals like Orwell or Hemingway, came to assist the Republic against the threat of fascism. Covering a wide range ideological communists, anarchists, socialists, democrats. Joined the International Brigades, including Communists who organized the Third International as the Lincoln Brigade in Madrid or those involved in the Aragon front. The rebels received

Italian troops, the Corpo di Truppe Volontaire and arms aid. Germany sent its air force, the Condor Legion, and used the war to try some of their new weapons. Portugal sent the "Viriato." The rebellious side had no major problems getting loans for weapons and fuel. Counted with the help of English capitalists and Anglo-American majors Chevron, Shell, Ford and General Motors.

3. military operations.

1. Columns

   War, progress towards Madrid. October-December 1936

   military operations began in the week following the uprising. After crossing the Strait, the African troops, and regular legionnaires, led by Yagüe, got the link to the rebel zone to the north, after eliminating the resistance of Badajoz. In September, Franco, instead of going straight to Madrid, where he held Toledo ended the siege of the fortress which resisted a few hundred military rebels. In late October, was at the gates of Madrid.

   The conquest of the capital was imminent, so it was decreed general mobilization. With men and women enthusiastically fortified entrances, dug ditches and proclaiming slogans like "It will not." On 6 November, the government moved to Valencia, leaving Madrid in the hands of an improvised Board, chaired by General Miaja, while the defense strategy rested with the commander-general after-Red. Despite the air strikes, Madrid resisted, thanks, among others, the International Brigades and the arrival Durruti's column. The Republican troops were composed largely of militia ("El Campesino", Enrique Lister), volunteers from parties and unions. In July 1936, the PCE creates the Fifth Regiment under the leadership of John Lister and Modesto. The party created a school of military cadres.

2. Battle of Madrid

   This phase is characterized by the adjustment of both armies, especially with the creation of the New People's Army of the Republic and the disbanding of militias. The rebels

   undertook two envelopes maneuvers to isolate Madrid, which relied on its communications with Valencia. One of the first massive bombing in history. Violent clashes were fought in the Corunna Road in the Casa de Campo, in University City and the Bridge of the French. The Battle of Jarama (February 1937) ended in victory for both sides, wearing both. In the battle of Guadalajara (March 1937) Italian fascist troops suffered a spectacular defeat at the hands of the Popular Army of the Republic. Neither one had entered, and the others were defeated.

   Meanwhile, Queipo de Llano Manchester took a brutal repression, the first bombing of civilians.
   

3. North

   Occupation (April-October 1937)

   Franco decided to change strategy, abandoning the attack on Madrid and moved north to the Gaza coast. It was a war of attrition, the systematic occupation of territory and the annihilation of the Republican army. The main fighting took place between April and October 1937: Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya, Santander and Asturias. Mola Vizcaya attacked in late March. On April 26, Guernica was destroyed by the Condor Legion. Bilbao was occupied in June by the superiority in media. The Republic, to relieve the military pressure attacked Brunete near Madrid, and then Belchite, but failed to prevent Franco's troops entered Santander and Asturias. Industrial and mining area is taken over by the rebels. Begin the first exodus of exiles. Franco navy could go to the Mediterranean to cut traffic of ships carrying Soviet arms to the republic.

4. Progress towards the Mediterranean and the Battle of the Ebro (December 1937-November 1938)

   In December 1937, the Republican army was restructured in Rojo General Madrid defender. Was intended to strengthen the organization, managers and professionals joined the militia (Modesto, Lister, the Peasant ...) and the International Brigades. He tried to take the initiative and took Teruel, only capital occupied by Republicans, but had to abandon it altogether. Franco began the offensive in Aragon, crossing the Maestrazgo and reaching the Mediterranean in Castellón. In April, the Republican territory was divided into two regions: Catalonia and Valencia, who was still together with Madrid.

   was one of the most important episodes of the war. Began on July 25, 1938 when the Republicans attacked near Amposta. Franco sent heavy reinforcements, including German and Italian planes there and managed to stop the attack. Then counterattacked and early November, the Republican army had to retreat, while advancing Franco occupied the south of Tarragona. Occurred on 16, ending a battle. It was a war of attrition that the republican army dwindled severely. Franco

   definitely decided to launch the attack Catalonia. On January 26 came in Barcelona without a fight. After Gerona and thousands of refugees fleeing to France, including the Republican government, and even Azaña Negrin, Companys and the Generalitat. In early February 39 the war was decided.

5. end of the war.

   Republic in February was only the Central Zone, from Madrid to Valencia and Almeria. Although the chief minister, Negrin had returned from France and wanted to continue the war, supported by the Communists, there were no major battles. England and France recognized the Franco government and Azana resigned.

   early March in Madrid there was an uprising against the Republican government led by Colonel Casado, chief of capital defense, thinking that it could negotiate a surrender and threatened by the rumor that would Negrin only appoint a Communist government. Along with some socialist and Besteiro and with support from the UGT, it created a Defense Council, whose presidency was Miaja-General that showed up, to negotiate an honorable peace, based on the "generosity of Caudillo. " This effort is not served nothing. Franco just wanted total surrender unconditionally. On March 28, Franco's troops entered Madrid without resistance.

   In the days after it occupied the entire Mediterranean area. The resistance of the few Communist troops could not prevent the occupation of Albacete, Alicante and Valencia. On 1 April Franco Burgos signed in the last part of war "in the day, captured and disarmed the Red Army troops reached their final national military objectives. English, the war is over. "

4. the Republican side.

The military uprising sought to justify the argument that the Popular Front, was preparing a communist revolution, led by labor unions, which would eliminate private property, religion and the state to impose a "soviet" style Russian. None of it was unfounded, although the disorder and strikes and political confrontations and was caused by both the right and by the left. Actually, it was the military uprising that led to an immediate social revolution collectivist. This revolutionary process was primarily led by anarcho-syndicalism, CNT and FAI. For his part, socialist union UGT involved in the collectivization of land and industries. Both the PCE and the PSOE were kept outside of this action and eventually clearly oppose.

The force was particularly popular revolution in Catalonia, where he created the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias, which led the revolution in Catalonia. This committee would reach an understanding with political parties and reconstitute the power of the Generalitat, returning to be chaired by Companys and the presence of unions and workers' parties.

The most significant was the collectivism. The collectivization of the industry was made in Catalonia, by decree October 1936. Spread agricultural collectivization in Aragon, Valencia, La Mancha and Andalusia. Many services that are essential in the war were also collectivized through unions, such as transport, food supplies, weapons factories, etc.

revolution spread rapidly and many people are immediately formed boards, councils and committees prepared to impose a revolutionary order. In the first months was spontaneous against everything that could be related to the "rebels" (rebels). This is called the "Red Terror." The Church, the bourgeoisie, landlords, lessons wealthy, Catholics, etc. were considered suspect and subject to persecution in many cases unreported. This looting and burning of churches and monasteries, arrests and killings, and above all, requisition, ie "seizure" of property of such persons on behalf of parties or unions. They were often made by simple unscrupulous criminals. Many of the persecuted were hidden, came to the area controlled by rebels or went abroad. Examples were the assault to the Modelo Prison by militants, who killed himself there military and rightist politicians. Greater significance were the "bags" or "Pass" prison inmates and "Czech" (buildings seized by party committees and organizations on the left as makeshift prisons) and transfers to Paracuellos del Jarama and Torrejón de Ardoz, where they were killed. This violence was very negative to the external image of the republic. The government was powerless to stop it.

1. The collapse of the Republican State.

Upon the uprising, Casares Quiroga resigned and took over Diego Martinez Barrio who tried to negotiate an end to the insurrection, to be impossible, resigned and was succeeded by Jose Giral, also a Republican.

Giral's government was ready to defend the Republic, taking the first military action. The fundamental problem was the lack of the army. Many had risen, so the Army gave weapons to the militias of the parties and dissolved the army, thinking that would undermine the strength of the rebels. In August announced the creation of battalions of volunteers, led by former army officers, hoping to regularize the party militias.

In summer and autumn of 1936, the power of the state suffered a near total collapse. In some regions, committees and boards became unified to form Regional councils among which were the Sovereign Council of Asturias, the Council of Aragon and the Defense Council in Madrid. These agencies met the Popular Front forces with increased prevalence of unions and workers' parties. The political revolution was part of its origin in the lukewarm attitude of the republican authorities and their refusal to deliver arms to the people to fight the rebels.

One of the main problems that always beset the republic was supplying both industrial staples such as war material.

2. Largo Caballero government.

Republican opinion focused their hopes on Caballero, secretary general of the UGT (the "English Lenin." He was supported by all the Republican forces and formed his new government in September 1936 with Republican members, Socialists, Catalan and Basque nationalists and communists. In November four ministers even entered anarcho (including Federica Montseny). With this is dealt with the Statute of Autonomy for the Basque Country. The government also decided to move to Valencia with the fear that rebels take Madrid, which was left a Defense Council in which the Communists had a notable role.

One of the first steps was to legalize the seizure of peasants, along with the Government of Catalonia decree legalizing the collectives of industrial enterprises in Catalonia. Also popular justice tribunals instituted to curb the indiscriminate repression.

His project was to create a "great anti-fascist alliance" and rebuild the state's power, eliminating boards and committees, while recognizing the regional councils and, above all, directing the war and creating the Popular Army, unifying and militarization of the militias. In other words, make the revolution to victory in the war. It also aimed to convey an image of the republic acceptable in the eyes of European democracies. The problems came communists and anarcho-syndicalists, in addition to the personalism of Largo Caballero. The anarchists did not give up practicing their own policy, with emphasis on collectivization and were reluctant to integrate their militias into the regular army. Political indoctrination commissioned the "Commissioners of war", like the Soviet Red Army. The Communists proposed nationalizing basic industries and the creation of a war industry, as opposed to the anarcho-syndicalists. The CNT ministers had to move to Barcelona to counter the collectivization

The problems that were undermining the government of Largo Caballero was the "Event May "in Barcelona. Not all Republican forces had agreed to make the revolution in military victory, the anarchists and the POUM Andeu Nin spoke of a revolutionary war. This highlighted the clash for power in Catalonia, where CNT and POUM faced the Communists and Republicans of the Generalitat. Some defended the collectivization and other nationalizations. There were some murders of union leaders and the fight was triggered when trying to dislodge the anarchists who had occupied the building of the telephone. The fighting ended with the defeat anarchist and decree banning of the POUM and the disappearance of Andreu Nîn. Largo Caballero was very weak and relying solely on the support of the UGT. A fight broke out between the Communists and Largo Caballero and the Government lost its authority in matters of public policy.

3. Negrin government.

In mid May 1937, came the crisis in government. The Communists insisted they would continue in government if Largo Caballero was directing military policy. The strength of the Communists was based on the great help that the USSR was providing arms and advice to political and military control over the political commissioners. Largo Caballero resigned and I replaced Juan Negrin.

Negrin government commissioned the conduct of the war the socialist Indalecio Prieto. Were no longer trade unions (CNT and UGT), only political parties, especially communist, which led eventually Prieto output. Negrin government based its policy on the resistance to the death, but that it tried to seek a negotiated end to the war. Also wanted the Republic was recognized as the only legitimate power in Spain. To this end he proposed his famous Thirteen Points program, in providing for the continuity of the Republic, after a democratic election process, when fighting ceased armed.

Franco did not accept the proposals of the republican government, but Negrin had hoped that in a few months, the international situation lead to world war, and get help against the fascists. However, their hopes were ended in September 1938 when it signed the Munich Pact, which Britain and France recognized the occupation of the Sudetenland to Hitler.

In 1938, after the defeat of Teruel, life began to become extremely difficult in the Republican territory. Lacking food and basic supplies, military setbacks were continuing and people were tired of war. Insisted Negrin the need for armed resistance, hoping the European conflict was still expected. Thus was coined the slogan "Resistance is victory."

Negrin's new plan in late 1938 reduced their proposals to only three points out of foreign troops, no reprisals of the victors over the vanquished and the establishment of a democratic regime. But Franco "only accept an unconditional surrender." Negrin desperately sought the mediation of the democratic powers, but the defeats of the Ebro and Catalonia, the recognition of Franco's rule by France and the United Kingdom's resignation as president Azaña of the republic (which replaced Diego Martínez Barrio), and the situation in the rear, boosted morale. Only the Communists advocated the need to resist.

In these circumstances there was a coup by Colonel Casado, head of the Central Army, to the false rumors that Negrin left the communist government. Married and his supporters decided to give Franco the entire area was still in Republican hands. This accelerated the end of the republic and the triumph of Franco, with no time for the disposal of those who wanted to escape the Franco regime.

4. The rebel zone.

political and social groups who had given their support to the military uprising were divided, and who had no common project that would provide policy coherence at the military rebellion. So they accepted the supremacy of the army, become the backbone of the new regime commune, always had political initiative and was responsible for organizing the new state emerged from the war. The initial idea was the traditional coup that would have days of fighting, but ended in a Civil War. The military rebels

Burgos created in a management Board which was called National Defense, composed of military (Mola, Franco, Queipo de Llano ...) and headed by General oldest Cabanellas. Its mission was the government of the occupied territory and had no jurisdiction in military matters. The Board banned the activity of all political parties, suspended the constitution and ordered the suspension of the implementation of agrarian reform in the conquered territories, and returned to the red and yellow flag.

Sanjurjo, regarded as the head of the rebellion, died in plane crash on July 20, 1936, the uprising was without a leader, so it became necessary to choose a supreme leader of the uprising and Franco was becoming increasingly popular among the generals, especially help from the defenders of the Alcazar of Toledo and obtain recognition of Hitler and Mussolini. On September 30 in Salamanca, was elected as head of the uprising. On October 1936 a decree was issued appointing him "Head of the State Government" and General of the English Army. Gone was the National Defense Council and established a Technical Board of the State, based in Burgos, divided into commanded by military commissions, but in which there were also civilians. The Generalissimo's headquarters moved to Salamanca. Germany and Italy officially recognized the government Franco.

political problems were exacerbated in the rebel zone in late 1936, when it seemed that the war was enough to extend the view of the failure to take Madrid. There was a powerful military commander, but no policy coherence. The insurgents who were strongly anti-liberal ideology, had banned all political parties that were part of the Popular Front, and all unions of classes, and had completed a tremendous repression of the faithful to the Republic that were in its territory. Only acted as political groups, the English Falange, whose founder José Antonio Primero de Rivera, was shot by the Republicans after a trial in Alicante (November 1936) and the Traditionalist Communion (Carlist). CEDA is tolerated and other monarchist groups that were dismantled. In fact, the only descent group among the insurgents was fascist English Falange, and that the rebels represented the old conservatism much English, but they joined en masse the National Movement.

Given the need to organize a new political power unit, the rebels were inspired by the institutional model of Italian and German fascist states, which helped them both. Attended this one-party model, with full power head to create the "New State". After shootout factional da Falange in Salamanca in April 1937, Franco announced the Unification Decree that created by a single party, Traditionalist English Falange de las JONS (also known as National Movement), "unifying" the Falange and Carlist. Franco would be the Leader of the Party and Head of the State Government. This decree was prepared by Serrano Suner, Franco's brother and firm contact with the Germans. It would take the uniform of blue shirts of the Falange and the red beret of the Carlist, the fascist-style salute as an emblem of New Spain, juice and the arrows of the Catholic Kings, and a hierarchy where a mixed military and civilian .

Some resistances

Carlist or Falangists were silenced with exiles (Manuel Fal Conde, Carlist) or imprisonment (Manuel Hedilla Falange). The vast majority of conservatives and Catholics supported the rebellion and accept the authoritarian nature was adopting fascist Franco dictatorship.

was respected the important influence of the Church, published the following summer the Collective Pastoral of the Bishops in support of the rebels. In late 1936, the bishops described the civil war as a "religious crusade" and in July 1937 in a joint letter of the English bishops to the bishops of the world has fully backed the rebel side and said that the Church was an "innocent and helpless victim" of the civil war and the military uprising had prevented a Communist revolution.

The institutionalization of the new Francoist state was completed in January 1938 with the formation of the first Franco government ministers or cabinet formed after the demise of the Technical Board. In the person of Franco, Generalissimo, focused the leadership of state government. Since then became commonly called "Leader of Spain" and the new state began to legislate.

The various ministries were distributed among the various forces that rose up in arms: military Falangists Carlist monarchists, depending more than their loyalty to the leader than his competition, criteria to govern from now on all governments of Franco. The new government enacted the Central State Administration, which was attributed to the chief of the "supreme power to issue general rules of law", which Franco meeting in his person the executive, legislative and judicial finally consolidated his personal power.

In the following months, Franco adopted a series of decrees reform abolished all the work of the Republic. Abolished the autonomous status of Catalonia and the Vasto and imposed the Castilian as the only official language.

In terms of industry, issued the decree of 1937 on Protection and Promotion of National Industry, which is laid the foundations for an autocratic regime. The lack of economic resources was supplied by applying credits to German and Italian. Occupied lands were returned to their owners and created the National Wheat stocks to control and regulate prices.

Before the war ended, was issued one of its fundamental laws, the Labour Law (March 1938), inspired by the Charter lavoro Italian Fascism in the traditional church and in some principles of the Falange. This legislation laid the foundation of the corporate organization of state and vertical trade unionism as a State organization that brought together employers and employees, respect for private property, called the power of national-syndicalist state to dictate wages and working standards, promoting economy and class unions ban. In addition, they were considered subversive acts strikes and collective claims. In this new single trade union structure, employers and workers themselves are framed in some unions, industries, the so-called vertical union, subject to the party (FET JONS) and tools to serve the state.

Laws favorable to the Church ended with the intent of secularization of the Republic, was declared Catholicism the official religion, repealed the laws of civil marriage and divorce, religious worship was established in education and the military. He was awarded the Church's monopoly on primary and secondary education. Reimposed the compulsory teaching of religion and the crucifix back to school. Restored the Society of Jesus, the economic rewards of the clergy, the tax exemption of church property and religious festivals.

To achieve ideological control were lifted on freedom of assembly and Law Association and by the Printing Press and April 1938 (in force until 1966) was introduced prior censorship and all media and cultural production are put into state service.

The Franco regime was officially recognized by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy from the outset in 1938 did Portugal and the Vatican, and in 1939 the two European democratic powers, France and the UK.

Finally, the political Accountability Act of February 1939 empowered courts joint (formed by the army, the judiciary and representatives of the Falange) to impose penalties on persons linked to leftist parties from 1934.

Francoist repression was much higher than that of the Republic, and not just last longer (well into the Franco regime), but by the systematic and organized it. Was exercised by the military itself or by the political authorities, without any legal guarantees. Hardcore massacres of civilians in Malaga, Seville and Badajoz. García Lorca was executed from a Lluís Companys, Julian Besterio and many others in many "walking" or "bags" and in the concentration camps. In the rear also carried out requetés militias and youth groups Falangists.