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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (VII)

Canto XXIV, Introduction

abusive Achilles Hector's body for nine days with great brutality, exceed all bounds of moral heroism. Pay their anger over the death of Patroclus with the corpse. Even the vast majority of the gods reject this behavior so they decided that Thetis tells Achilles to stop. Achilles asks Thetis to enjoy the short life he has left, do not spend the time doing feats to magnify his glory. Achilles accepts the above post the gods and must accept the ransom offered by Priam Hector's body.

The meeting of Priam and Achilles is not just an exchange, is the manifestation of inner change of Achilles, which is manifested in their arguments to Priam. Achilles and Priam have lost a loved one, and that unites them. Priam Achilles takes the payment, but was referred to it without mentioning the bailout, nor say what has to pay. Priam's speech focuses on his suffering as a parent. Moreover, it was her last child, and the rest have died in the war (A Paris does not consider it a worthy successor and so ignores it). Priam reminds Achilles that his father is suffering through it.

Canto XXIV, lines 486-507: Priam Parliament

"PRÍAMO.-Think of your father, Achilles, godlike, which is the same age I, having reached the threshold of old age fatal. Perhaps near him harass him and no one will save them from misery and ruin, but when he hears you live, rejoices in his heart and hopes from day to day you have to see his son, arrived from Troy. More I, wretched man, after he fathered children in the spacious great Troy, I can say that none of them is me. Fifty had when it came the Achaeans: nineteen were from a single womb, to the other women of my household gave birth in the palace. For the more the raging Ares knees were broken, and that was unique to me, for defending the city and its inhabitants, you killed that little has, while fighting for their country, Hector, for whom I come now to the ships of the Achaeans, to redeem you, and bring a huge ransom. But, respect the gods, Achilles, and have mercy on me, remembering your father that I am even more worthy of pity, because I dared what no other mortal on earth: to take my hand mouth man slew my son. "

The first thing is to remind Achilles Priam his father and asked him not to see him as an enemy but a father who suffers. This is what makes a dent in Achilles emerges all the excitement that has made him sensitive to others' pain. There is an empathy common for the death of a loved one.

Canto XXIV, verses 507-518

"So said. A desire Achilles came to mourn his father, and he took the hand moved him gently away. Delivered either to the memories, Priam, fell at the feet of Achilles, weeping copiously by Hector, killer of men, and sometimes cried Achilles his father and other Patroclus, and the groans of both of us stood in the store. More so the Achilles got tired of crying and sobbing ceased desire in your soul and its members, alzose chair, took by hand the old man to get up, and looking compassionate his white head and white beard, said to him winged words: (...). "

The most important sentence of this passage is "Delivered either the memories." In Greek part of the singular and plural dual him there. The dual is the same as the plural but is used when there are only two people in action. The dual implies that they share something, if there was no link would have used the plural.

Achilles and Priam are crying together and will give free vent to the tears, there is no contention. It is something that is uniting, while the heroic values \u200b\u200bthey faced. Priam Achilles looks compassionate, something that heroic morality would never pass. In the heroic moral is merciful with those on your own side, never enemies.

Canto XXIV, lines 518-552: Achilles Parliament

"ACHILLES .- Ah, unhappy! Many are the woes that your spirit has endured. Osaste How come alone to the ships of the Achaeans, in the eyes of the man that killed so many brave sons? You must have iron hearts. But ea, sits in this chair, and though we are both afflicted, let his soul rest in penalties, for the sad tears to no avail. The gods destined to befall mankind to live in sorrow, and only they are neglected. On the threshold of the palace of Zeus there are two barrels of gifts that God divided: one is the evil and on the other property. He whom Zeus, who delights in thunder, they are giving mixed, sometimes runs into misfortune and good fortune with others, but which receives only punishment lives with shame, a great famine haunts him on the holy earth and going from one place to another without being honored by the gods or not by men. So the gods made clear Peleus gifts from his birth was ahead of the other men in prosperity and wealth, was king over the Myrmidons, and, being mortal, gave to wife a goddess. But it also imposed an evil god, that did not have children then reign in the palace. Only generated one, to me, whose life must be short, and does not care in old age, I must stay here at Troy, far from the homeland, to contristarte you and your children. And they say that you too, old man, you were happy once, and that the space that includes Lesbos, where he reigned Macar, and higher up the Hellespont, Phrygia immense, stood out among all of your wealth and your offspring. Plus, since the heavenly gods will brought this plague around the city sucédense battles and massacres of men. Súfrelo resigned and do not let your heart take over endless grief, because nothing will get Mourn for your child, or be able to get up, before you have to have a new evil. "

In this passage Homer wants to show a universal, so he uses a parable. This parliament shows the clarity of Achilles. No longer points, primarily as a human condition that all equal death, but what is equal to all suffering in life. No one can escape suffering, all human beings experience suffering. Therefore all human beings are "brothers" in suffering. The myth of the barrels is to say that everyone suffers and nobody can escape it . It is a very common in ancient Greek thought. The problem of evil is excluded, does not have to explain: Evil is a reality, not a problem. Also excluded alternatives commitment to eradicate the evil, evil can not be eradicated, is on the lot in life, you can not get rid of him. We, today, we are very far from that vision.

may be lucky enough to live well as well as evil, but never live only goods.

Achilles says that the gods are neglected (akeda) but is a mistranslation, actually means "without suffering." What that says is that only the gods are free from suffering. The gods do not suffer, but humans do, so Achilles realizes the insignificance of the human being can do nothing to change it, can not avoid that suffering.

That man is mortal is not what brings suffering, but in life things happen to you (as the death of a loved one). Nothing takes away the pain, or wealth, or fame, or power (just like it extolled the heroic moral).

Achilles also recognizes himself as a character that produces additional pain for his role of hero, because he says it causes pain to his father, who can not care for being in the war, and causes suffering Priam being in Troy. The warrior cause pain twice, first to their relatives and then their enemies and their families.

The most precious commodity is not only life but the lives of loved ones. There is no feeling of enmity with Priam, is a brotherhood between the two, there is a relationship of "Philotas." The difference between victor and vanquished away with that suffering, for it speaks to Priam Achilles as a friend.

the end eat together, learn to live with grief.

"In saying this, the swift Achilles rose up and slaughtered a white sheep, which his followers skinned and well prepared as he should, the dismembered with art, and, catching spiked pieces, roasted them carefully and fire them off. Automedon brought bread in fair baskets, and Achilles out the meat. They laid their hands on the good things that were before them and they had had enough the desire to eat and drink, Priam seed of Dardanus admired the stature and appearance of Achilles, as the hero looked like a god, and, in turn, admired Achilles to Priam seed of Dardanus, contemplating his noble face and hear his words. And when he had gazed at each other, the aged Priam, like a god, "the first one: (...)."

eat together and remain united, but not in tears. For Priam now Achilles is a fellow mortal. This does not mean that the war is over, the Iliad is not a utopia. But Achilles is situated in a very different before the war, and it shows in the new way of relating to one who was his enemy until recently.

Canto XXIV, verses 660-668

"PRÍAMO." If you want me to celebrate the funeral of Hector, doing what I tell thee, O Achilles let me pleased. You know how we kept in the city, and the wood must be brought from afar, the mountain, and the Trojans are very scared. For nine days I weep at the palace, the tenth bury him and the funeral feast in the eleventh we will build a mound and the twelfth will fight, if necessary whatever. "

Priam asks Achilles 11 days (which are many) to honor Hector and Achilles accepted, there is a humanity that Achilles is starting. Schopenhauer said there is a knowledge of the suffering of others from one's own suffering. This knowledge may lead to "good deeds." It is an ethical approach that closes the door to violence, but it is an ethic that very few authors have recovered and has not spread much.

Final Iliad

At the end of the work we described the funeral of Hector, and nothing is displayed over the war. This also contradicts the moral heroism, as the poem ends by showing the pain in the enemy camp.

These funerals are three actors, three women: Hecuba (mother of Hector), Andromache (Hector's wife) and Helena (sister of Hector, who appears here as a sister). Are the three women may suffer most by the death of a loved one (mother, wife and sister. ") In addition Hecuba talk about the futility of revenge, revenge will not resurrect their loved one.

This final emphasizes what has been learned by Achilles.

Iliad gives us a greater understanding of the lives of men and morality can exist in spite of human cruelty (wars, violence ...). It is a universal moral character, but this morality is not to say that violence disappears.

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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (VI)

XVIII Canto verses 98-127

"AQUILES.-Let me die on the spot, since I could not help his friend when he was killed, has died far from home and without me next to you get rid of the misfortune. Now, since I shall not return to his native land, nor have I saved Patroclus nor to the many friends who died at the hands of Hector, which remain on the ships useless weight of the earth, being in fight like no other the Achaeans, in brazen armor, as in the assembly other than me. Perish strife for the gods and men, and with her anger, which even the wise man encruelece as sweet as honey is placed in the chest and is growing like smoke. That irritated me the king of men, Agamemnon. But so be it, but afflicted, it is necessary to restrain the fury of the chest. I'll get the murderer of my dear friend, Hector, and I receive my doom when it Zeus and other gods. Neither the burly Heracies could get rid of her, beloved of sovereign Zeus son of Kronos, but the Grim Reaper and deadly anger of Hera made him succumb. So I, if I have the same death, lying in the grave when I die, but now will earn fame and glory that some midwives Troy and Dardania, deep within, giving strong with both hands, sighs and wiped tears from their tender cheeks. Long time know that I have refrained from fighting. And you, if you love me, allow me to fight, they failed to persuade. "

Achilles Thetis warns that once Hector dies, he dies shortly afterwards. Achilles' first reaction is that I do not mind living. Now she feels guilty for not having saved other friends in their retirement out of combat. There is a shift, you have to leave the anger, the anger now directed at the enemy. Achilles accepts death because the death of Patroclus has affected him greatly. What affects you now is not his own death, but of his friends, and especially that of Patroclus. Earlier in the ninth song, death was considered as the end of one's life, but now believes the death of others in one's life, which is what causes real pain.

Canto XIX, lines 315-338

"AQUILES." At one time, you, unhappy, the most beloved colleagues, I served in this shop, diligent and caring, a good dinner when the Achaeans were hurrying to work this tragic battle with the Trojans horse trainers. And now you lie, crossed by the bronze, and I'm fasting from food and drink, although not necessary, for the loneliness you feel. Nothing worse can happen to me, nor I knew that my father is dead, where perhaps there is crying in Phthia not be there with a son like me, while I fight with the Trojans in a foreign country because of the hateful Helena, or that my beloved son died that grows in Skyros, if indeed Neoptolemus is still living. Before the heart in my chest harbored the hope that only I perish here in Troy far from Argos, horse breeder, and you, again Phthia, you would go in a black ship fast Skyros, will pick up my son and show him all my property, possessions, slaves and high-ceilinged hall. I fight because I figure no longer exists, and if you've got a little life, is afflicted, will be overwhelmed by the hateful old age and fear always receive the sad news of my death. "

Achilles expresses extreme suffering and that suffering changes his perspective. Achilles Patroclus had not considered that he might die before he knew that he would die prematurely. This is something new for Achilles, the death of another is making him suffer greatly. Now that you have experienced this pain can be in place of another person suffering (his father, for example) a loved one. This is critical for the evolution of Achilles and allowed to give the end of the work (the meeting between Priam and Achilles). Achilles can now take the place of suffering (empathy). The role of the hero and not as something glorious praises, but as provocative pain of loved ones. Being in the field of battle no longer serves to bring glory, but to cause pain in those who had to leave. The longer the stay, the greater the pain. Is a critique of military values. The pain caused by a war begins when the fighter has to leave the world of emotions (loved ones).

Achilles can now return to glory at the battle because avenge the death of a friend is a primary duty.

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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (V)

Canto XV, verses 390-405

"While Achaeans and Trojans were fighting about the wall, away from the ships, remained in the tent Patroclus Bravo Eurypylus, entertaining him with his conversation and spreading herbs over his wound serious drugs that alleviated his pain. But, seeing that the Trojans attacked the wall with a vengeance and clamoring and leakage between the Achaeans, groaned, and, down the arms, beat his thighs, he sighed and said:

PATROCLUS. - Full length! I can not go here, if you need me, because he has fought a great battle. Squire take care of you, and I hurried back to the tent of Achilles to induce him to fight. Who know if with the help of some god persuade him A man does the advice of a friend. "

The Trojans have come to the ships of the Greeks and will attack them. Patroclus is still in the shop full length and said that "incite Achilles to fight." After two verses repeated Nestor had said earlier. Makes his Patroclus.

After that Patroclus leaves the shop and goes in search of Achilles.

Canto XVI, verses 1-46

"This ship fought for many banks. Achilles Patroclus appeared, pastor of men, shedding hot tears pouring source deep dark waters of sheer rock. As soon as he saw Achilles, light-footed, had compassion on him and said, Aeneas

ACHILLES .- Why are you crying, Patroclus, like a child that goes with your mother and wanting to take it in his arms, pulling the dress, although it stops in a hurry, and looks at her with tearful eyes to be lifted off the ground? Like her, O Patroclus, tender tears spill. Are you coming to join something the Myrmidons or to myself? Did you hear any news yourself Phthia? Menecio say, the son of actors, there still; Eácida also lives among the Myrmidons Peleus, and the death of that or what more he might afflict us. Or perhaps weeping because the Argives perish, near the ships, for the injustice committed? Speaking, I do not hide what you think, for we both know.

drew a deep sigh, and answered, knight Patroclus:

PATROCLUS. - Oh Achilles son of Peleus, the bravest of Achaean Do not fret, because it is so large that the overwhelming grief. Those who once were the strongest, hurt each other near and far, lie in the ships, was wounded with a weapon the mighty Diomed, with the pike Ulysses, famous for his spear, and Agamemnon, at full length in flecháronle thigh, and doctors who know a lot of drugs, ocúpanse in wounds heal them. You, Achilles, are ruthless. Never take hold of me as you keep grudges! Oh you who so badly employ the value! Who can be useful later if not now save the Argives undignified death? Ruthless! It was not your father Peleus rider, or your mother Thetis, the glaucous sea and the cliffs must have engendrarte, because your spirit is cruel. If you left off fighting for a prediction that your honored mother, aware of Zeus, you have revealed, send me to the other Myrmidons, for if I become the dawn of the salvation of the Achaeans, and allows to cover my shoulders with armor for the Trojans confuse me with you and cease fighting, the warring Dana are so beaten down and not wake up the battle may, albeit briefly. Us that we are not exhausted by fatigue, easily reject it ships and stores to the city to those men who are tired of fighting. " Patroclus

get very excited at the tent of Achilles to convince her to return to battle. Patroclus comes crying (moved), and Achilles worry about it. Patroclus repeats what was said by Nestor and Achilles then repressed. Called ruthless and goes with him. Keep repeating what was said by Nestor and even repeats the idea that Nestor had: he let his men and armor.

Canto XVI, lines 46-100: Response to Achilles Nestor plan

"So I begged the very foolish, and thus called the terrible Death and the Grim Reaper. Achilles, light-footed, he answered very indignant

ACHILLES .- Alas, Patroclus, a descendant of Zeus, what you said! I refrain from any prediction that you know and his mother were not told me anything from Zeus, but I pressed the heart and soul when a man because he has more power, want to deprive her just what belongs and takes the reward. Such is the great regret I have, because of the difficulties that my mind has suffered. The girl claimed that the Achaeans as a reward and I had conquered my sword, taking a sack the city, King Agamemnon son of Atreus me took it as if I was a vagrant. But so be it, you can not always keep the anger in his heart, but had decided not to lay down the anger until the screaming and fighting to reach my ships. Cover your shoulders with my armor, get in front of the warlike Myrmidons and bring them to the fight, since dark cloud of Trojans and the ships about momentum, and the Argives, penned in by the sea, have only a short space. The entire city of Troy has appeared with confidence, because they see my shiny helmet. Soon flee the trenches filled with dead, if the king Agamemnon was just me, but now fighting about our military. And Diomed hand not wielding his spear furiously to rid the Danaan of death, nor have I heard a cry that came from the hated head of Agamemnon: only echo the voice of Hector, killer of men, encouraging Trojans , which fill the whole plain shouting and defeat in the battle to the Achaeans. But you, Patroclus, lean brashly upon them and the ships that plague lest hitting the ships fire it, away from us to return. Do whatever I'll tell you, that gives me great honor to all the Achaeans, and they give me back the very beautiful young lady and make me rich gifts. As soon as the move away from the ships, come back again and although the thundering husband of Hera give you glory, not without me want to fight against the warlike Trojans, for help to my shame. And there, spurred by the war and battle, leads you, killing enemies, Troy, lest any of the Olympian gods have lower because the Trojans fond Apollo, which hurts far. Recedes as soon as you have done to shine the light of salvation in the ships, and let it continue fighting on the plain. Hopefully, father Zeus, Athena, Apollo, none of the Trojans and the Argives escape from death, and we get rid of it two of us, so we can tear down the sacred battlements of Troy. "

Achilles

censor insists Agamemnon's abusive behavior. Patroclus tells you can get his armor and takes the Myrmidons. But he, Achilles, still in their heels and will not go into battle. There is a concession, Achilles will not because that would ignore the offense of Agamemnon. However, orders his men encouraging them to get fully involved. Is not indifferent to what is happening.

Achilles also give some advice to Patroclus (from verse 85). He said that as the Trojans back off let them go, not persecute them.

Canto XVI, lines 200-211

"ACHILLES. - Myrmidons! None of you forget the threats that the ships dirigíais the Trojans the days of my anger, and accusations that all incriminate me, "Inflexible son of Peleus! No doubt your mother fed with gall. Ruthless, they hold fast to your companions in the ships against their will! Embark on ships of the ponto furrow and return to the motherland, as the deadly cholera nested in such a way in your heart. "So when I used to speak reuníais. As the light have the great feats of arms that you both wanted. And now each courageous fight with heart against the Trojans. "

Achilles encouraged his men, they remember what they have said against Achilles and what they have shouted to the Trojans as they watched the match. The anger is gone and compassion has earned everything that field.

In the following verses

Patroclus, intoxicated by victory, will ignore the advice of Achilles and that will lead to death. If the match is favorable, there is a destructive inertia that the hero can not stop. Patroclus is not at all an impulsive character, but can not control this trend. Once in the battle Patroclus blinded by the visible victory, as had happened before Hector.

The difference between offensive and defensive war war there. The logic of war, especially if it is a logical winner, leads to a spiral of violence. This spiral of violence does not end with the death of Patroclus as Achilles returns to battle to avenge him (if for no other reason).

Achilles IX In the song into question the claimed heroic death and life. Even death to all. After the death of Patroclus change that consideration of the death to life itself. What will be at the center now will be what affects one's own life death of a loved one. Think of death from the perspective of life.

There are thus two positions:

"Death as the end of life of its own, impervious to the death of others.

"Death of a loved one where you live. Makes the individual sensitive to pain than people can receive after the death of a loved one. (This will enable the Achilles last song I cried with Priam, are recognized as people who suffer the death of a loved one, something that is more profound criticism of Homer in all of Belize).

Canto XVI, lines 433-462

"ZEUS .- Alas! The skinny provides that Sarpedon, whom I love above all men, is killed by Patroclus Menoetius. Vacillates between two purposes in my chest the heart: to catch him live in the mourning war, to take him to the fertile land of Lycia or let him now fall into the hands of Menoetius?

Hera answered Priam, the eye of heifer:

HERA. - Terribilísimo son of Kronos, what talking about? "Once again want to get rid of the dreadful death to mortal man, whom fate has long been condemned to die? Do it, but not all the gods will approve it. Another thing I will tell you, and lay in memory: He thinks that if you send Sarpedon safely to his palace, some other god want to get her son out of battle, as many sons of gods fighting round the big city Priam, and his parents will do every one jealous. But if you are fond of her compassion and your heart, let it die at the hands of Patroclus Menoetius in fierce combat, and when the soul and life leaving him, send Death and sweet dream to take you to the vast Licia so that his brothers and friends and we do erect a memorial mound and pillar, such are the honors due the dead.

So said. The father of gods and men assented, and made a land fall on the bloody drops to honor the beloved son, whom Patroclus was about to kill in the fertile Troy, far from their homeland. "

The gods have no power to save an individual death, because if the gods intervene to save the life of someone, break the man-gods and the gods would want to intervene to save his proteges. I read the book Hera to Zeus. Neither Zeus can save lives indiscriminately.

Patroclus rides over the Trojans and Hector, led by Zeus, will flee for refuge. In the death of Patroclus himself to intervene Apollo, which encourages Hector to continue fighting.

Canto XVI, lines 692-745

"What was the first and who last killed, O Patroclus, when the gods called to death?

were first Adrastus, Autonoe, Equeclo, Perim Mégada, Epístor and Melanippus, and then Elas Mulius and Pylartes. He killed them, and the others fled.

then the Achaeans would have taken Troy, the lofty gates of the hands of Patroclus, who ran with great fury spear, if Apollo had not been placed in the well-built tower for damage to it and help the Trojans. Thrice did Patroclus charge at an angle of the high wall, and thrice did Apollo, shaking hands with the bright immortal shield. And when, like a god, he attacked a fourth time, the deity increpóle terribly with winged words:

APOLO .- Retire, Patroclus the lineage of Zeus! Fate has ordained that the city of the proud Trojans from being destroyed by your spear, or by Achilles, who both leads you.

So he spoke, and Patroclus fell a long way, so as not to incur the wrath of Apollo, which strikes from afar.

Hector was with the carriage and the horses from the gates Scaean, and was undecided whether to lead them back to the mob and go on fighting, or voices to send troops take refuge in the wall . While pondering this, presentósele Phoebus Apollo, who took the figure of the brave young Asio, who was the maternal uncle of Hector, tamer of horses, brother of Hecuba's son Dymas, and dwelt in Phrygia, near the current Sangarius. Thus transformed, "said Apollo, son of Zeus:

APOLO. - Hector Why you left off fighting? You must not. I wish you both bravely overcome, how I am inferior, then I would withdraw from the fateful battle. But come, guide the horses of hard helmets towards Patroclus, if you can kill him and give glory to Apollo.

In saying this, God turned into battle. But Hector sent Cebríones that stung the horses and go to the fight, and Apollo, entering through the crowd, raised among the Argives deadly turmoil and gave glory to Hector and the Trojans. Hector let the other Achaeans, and it was not to kill them, and straightened Patroclus drives horses hooves. Patroclus, in turn, sprang from his chariot to the ground with the spear on the left, took with his right hand a white stone and bristling with tips that filled his hand, and to lie in the ground, threw it, wounding a combatant then because the shot did not go vain given the sharp stone in front of Cebríones, charioteer of Hector, who was the bastard son of the famous Priam, and then ruled the reins of the horses. The stone was both eyebrows, the bone does not resist, his eyes fell in the dust at the feet of Cebríones, and this, as if it were a diver, the seat fell well built, because the life went of its members. And making fun of him, O knight Patroclus, exclaiming

PATROCLUS .- Oh gods! Very agile is the man! How easily jump to the diver! If he were in the ponto, abundant fish, that man would jump ship, although the sea was stormy, and could have fed many people with oysters fished. With so easily have given the truck to flip the plain! No doubt the Trojans also are divers. "

Patroclus over the line, crosses the boundary according to the convention. Once you kill the other end the fighting, there is no further persecution. The fighting has limits. Patroclus goes from cruel to laugh at his victim. It is the most infamous villainy. Above is a cruel death. In war, the heroic glory infamous villainy is only a step. This is a picture of a very unheroic hero. Then there will be a fierce battle around the body. This is because it has killed you deprive him of the funeral by subtracting the body. No funeral, no glory. Patroclus is moving to deny the victim his "eternal life" (his everlasting glory.)

Canto XVI, lines 751-765

"In saying this, ran to the hero with the impetuosity of a lion that while attacking the stables until he is shot in the chest and killed him the same value, of Similarly, O Patroclus, I threw on Cebríones inflamed. Hector, meanwhile, jumped from the car to the ground without giving up arms. And they two battled around Cebríones like two hungry lions at the top of a hill furious fight for the body of a deer, and the two mighty warriors, Patroclus and Hector Menoetius, wanted to hurt each other with the pitiless bronze . Hector had taken the him by the head and not let go, Patroclus kept fast hold of his foot, and the other Trojans and Achaeans fierce fight raged. "

The body becomes the "prey" by Patroclus and Hector fighting, the two heroes as less violent attitude. Vanish those "heroic deeds", it occupies all violence in war and do not have any control. The heroes are described as lions, ie animals. From here on out every time a hero to behave like a beast pass this. The heroes pass bestiality when baited with dead bodies fallen enemies.

Canto XVI, lines 830-843

"HECTOR .- Patroclus! We certainly hope to destroy our city, make captive Trojan women and take them on the ships to your own land. Fool Hector's fleet horses flying into battle to defend them and I, who manage the pike excel amongst the warlike Trojans, apart from my day of slavery, while the vultures will eat you. Ah, unhappy! Or Achilles, to be brave, you have helped. When you left the ships, where he has been, must make many recommendations, and talk in this way: "Do not come back to the ships, knight Patroclus, before breaking the shell that surrounds the chest of Hector, killer of men, tainted blood." So I said, no doubt, and thou, O fool, you left to persuade. "

Hector kills Patroclus. Before I die Hector says he has left to persuade by Achilles, but Achilles really would advise the opposite. They also highlight the image of Achilles. Hector is the image of "old" Achilles. Here it is stressed that Achilles is prudent now, against the image people have of him. Now it is prudent because it values \u200b\u200blife. Death of Patroclus you will feel tremendous pain Achilles, who no longer want to live, want to die.

Hector Patroclus also laughs when he has fallen, as he did before and how will Achilles after the corpse of Hector. Warlike action does not stop when the enemy falls, it should be. There is a relentlessness to the bodies. The worst thing for it is not receiving funeral rites, and Hector tells Patroclus to be fed to the vultures, that is, you do not have funeral.

Hector will prime the body of Patroclus, is something that is never shown in the heroic epic but really happens in war. It is a dehumanization of the heroes because of the violence of war.

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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (IV)

Canto XI, verses 596-618

"followed, then fighting with flaming fire, and meanwhile Neleo mares, covered with sweat, they took the fight and Machaon Nestor shepherd of his people. Acknowledged to last the Achilles, light-footed, that from the stern of the ship looked enormous and deplorable defeat the great escape, and then called from the ship, Patroclus, his companion, he heard this, and similar Ares, left the store. This was the origin of his misfortune. The brave son of Menecio spoke first, saying

PATROCLUS. - Why do you call me, Achilles? Need Me?

answered Achilles light-footed:

ACHILLES. - Divine Menoetius, dearest to my heart! Now I hope that the Achaeans come and pray to and worship at my feet, because it's not bearable that are necessary. But he sees Patroclus, dear to Zeus, and ask Nestor who is out of the combat wounded. On the back is very similar to the Asclepias Machaon, but did not see his face, because the mares, eager for swift action, passed quickly by my side.

So said. Patroclus did as his dear friend and ran to the tents and ships of the Achaeans. "

Achilles is detached from the fight, but still emotionally tied to their peers, so when he sees wounded hurts. They are taking the wounded from combat and Achilles Machaon believed to have seen (which is a friend of his).

The most important sentence of this passage is: "This was the origin of his misfortune." Achilles Patroclus asks to go see if Machaon the wounded. Patroclus will go to the store to test and Nestor Nestor invited to sit. Patroclus and Nestor will be denied a new, long parliament.

Canto XI, verses 656-804: Parliament of Nestor

"NESTOR. - How is that Achilles of the Achaeans may be wounded? Do not know what misery is engulfing the army! The strongest, wounded each other from afar up close and lie in the aisles. With weapon was wounded Diomedes Tydeus powerful, with the pike, Ulysses, famous for his spear, and Agamemnon, at full length flecháronle in the thigh, and just take the fight to this one, also wounded by an arrow fired a bow . But Achilles, despite his courage, or care of the damage or pities them. "Wait just in case that the ships are devoured by enemy fire in the sea without the Argives to prevent it, and one after the other succumb all? And the force of my agile members is not the same as before. I wish I was still young and strong as when the war between Elis and lifted us for stealing oxen Itimoneo killed, the brave Hiperóquida, who lived in Elis, and retaliate! Itimoneo defense of his cows, but fell to the ground among the first wounded by a dart thrown my hand, and the other villagers fled in terror. We drove a splendid booty, fifty herds, as many flocks sheep, as many herds of pigs, spreading flocks of goats and one hundred fifty mares berries, many with their foals. That night we took him to Pylos Neleo city, and he rejoiced that I corresponded a great deal, despite being so young when I went to combat. At daybreak the heralds loudly to submit all those to whom God had something in Elis, and warlords Pylians divide the spoils. With many of us were in the Epeans debt, because, as in Pylos were few, they offended us, and in previous years had been his strong Heracles, we abused and killed the principal citizens. Of the twelve children of Neleo blameless, but I alone was left; all others perished. The Epeans cocky in brazen armor, by such facts, insulted us and hatched against us wicked acciones. Neleo The old man then took a herd of cattle and other large goat, choosing three hundred of them with their pastors for the huge debt was raised on divine Elis, had sent four horses, winners of previous games, yoked to a cart, for the Award of the race, which consisted of a tripod, and Augean, king of men, stayed with them and dismissed the coachman, who was sad about what happened. Indignation such insults and actions, the old man chose a lot and gave the rest to the people, directing that it be circulated and that no one could see his full share private. Made the deal, the city offered sacrifices to the gods .- Three days later there were many Epeans with footed horses carts and all the army assembled, and among his warriors were both Molion, who were children then and had not shown even their prowess. There is a town called Trioesa, on top of a hill adjacent to

Alpheus, in the borders of sandy Pylos: the Epeans want to destroy it and besieged. But so had crossed the plain, Athena rushed in from Olympus that night a messenger, to take up arms, not found in Pylos an indolent people, because we all felt strong desire to fight. To me Neleo not let me wear the weapon and hid my horses, not sufficient information for keeping me in the things of war. And with all that, excelled, with the infant, including ours, who fought in chariots, because Athena was it decided in this way battle. There is a river named Minieo, which flows into the sea near Arene: a11í the leaders of the Pylians await the divine Aurora appeared, and poured as infants. Meeting all the armor and dressed, marched, reaching noon to the sacred waters of the Alpheus. We made beautiful sacrifice to almighty Zeus, sacrificed a bull to Alpheus, another to Neptune and a gregarious cow to Athena, the owl's eye; dinner without breaking ranks, and slept, with the armor, on the banks of river. The narrowed Epeans the siege of the city, eager to destroy it before they do a great action filed Ares. When the sun came shining overhead, we lock the battle, after praying to Zeus and Athena. And in the battle of the pili with the Epeans, was the first to kill a man, the warlike Mulius, horses from which I took. Was this Augean son, being married Agamedes blonde, the eldest daughter, who knew how many drugs produces the vast land. And, approaching him, the spear pierced him, dropped him in the dust, I jumped in his car and took my place in the front ranks. The Epeans fled in disorder, in terror of seeing on the ground the man who commanded the fighting in cars and so strong was in the battle. Throw me to them like a dark whirlwind, taking fifty chariots, slain by my spear and bit the dust at the two warriors that each came, and had killed them both Molion Actorión, if his father, the mighty Poseidon, the earth moves , had not saved, wrapping in thick fog and out of the fight. Zeus then gave the Pylians a great victory. Chased them far over the plain, killing the men and armor picking up our horses carried us Buprasium, rich in wheat, the rock Olene and Alesio, the site called Hill, where Athena was the army again. There I slew the last man I killed. When the Achaeans went from Buprasium rapid steeds to Pylos and gave thanks to Jove among the gods and Nestor among men. Such was I among the warriors, if all this has been a dream .- But the Achilles' value will be used only himself, and I think it to be great when the army her tears should perish. Oh man! Menecio to placed an order the day it is sent from Phthia Agamemnon, were inside the palace, and Odysseus me and hear as it was commissioned. We then were recruiting troops in the fertile Achaia, had come to the house of Peleus well populated, we find the hero Menecio, you and Achilles. Peleus, the old knight in the backyard burning fat thighs of oxen in honor of Zeus, who delights in thunder, and with a golden cup black wine poured on the burning flame of sacrifice, while you prepare meat steak. We stopped in the lobby, Achilles rose surprised, and taking us by the hand he introduced us, sat us down and gave us presents of hospitality, as is customary with outsiders. We met for drinks and food appetite, and began to exhort you to join us, we both longed for and your parents gave you plenty of advice. The old Peleus bade his son Achilles who always excel and stand out from others, and in turn Menecio, son of actor advised him thus: "My son! Achilles leads you to their ancestry, but you surpass him in age, it is much stronger, but make him cautious warnings Instruct them and admonish them to obey you for your own good. "This is advised the elderly, and you forget. But even now, say the warrior Achilles and if he will listen. Who knows if with the help of some god would stir your heart? It is good to take a friend. And if it fails to fight for a prophecy that his mother, aware of Zeus, has revealed that at least sent you the other Myrmidons, if you become the dawn of salvation of the Danaan, and permitted lead in combating its armor for the Trojans may mistake you for him and cease fighting, the brave Achaeans are so beaten down that he revived, and the battle may, albeit briefly. Ye ye are not exhausted by fatigue, might easily ships and tents to the city to those men who are tired of fighting. "

Nestor move to try to influence Achilles Patroclus. Start making a customized list of the wounded Greek. Then he has exploits, aimed at persuading Achilles, as the deeds show that they were made to favor men. Instead of the value of Achilles, Nestor said, only draw Achilles himself. Nestor reminds him of what his father told him (the father of Patroclus, Menecio) said that Achilles wisely advises. He is remembered for try to convince him. He said that if Achilles does not fight, at least send his soldiers (Myrmidons) and to leave your armor to Patroclus for Achilles confuse enemies. Is a solution that allows Achilles maintain their honor, while, do something for his friends.

This parliament moved to Patroclus as the poem continues: "So he said, and moved the heart within the chest."

Canto XI, verses 816-849

"PATROCLUS - O unhappy princes and the Achaeans! So you ought at Troy, far from friends and native land, to satisfy your fat to agile dogs! But tell me, full length hero, student of Zeus: Can the Achaeans hold great Hector in the attack, or will they overcome by his spear?

Eurypylus wounded answered:

Eurypylus - Patroclus, a descendant of Zeus! There will be no defense to the Achaeans who are to take refuge on ships. How were the bravest here lie in their ships, wounded each other closely and distantly by the hand of the Trojans, whose strength is increasing. But save me taking me to the ship he cut out the arrow of the thigh, wash with warm water the black blood flowing from the wound and put me in her soothing and salutary drug that they say you Achilles unveiled, educated by Chiron, Fairest of the centaurs. For of the physicians, and Machaon Podalirius, the one I think that is wounded in his tent, and in turn needs a good doctor, and the other holding live combat in the Trojan plain.

replied the brave son of Menecio:

PATROCLUS - How will it end? What do hero Eurypylus? Going to say to noble Achilles from Nestor gerenio, protector of the Achaeans, he charged me, but I will not let so overwhelmed by grief.

said, and, taking the men's pastor at the chest, and led him to the store. The servant, when he saw him, spread furs on the ground beef. He laid him at full length and pulled thigh with a dagger, sharp arrow, and, after washing with warm water the blood, sprinkled the wound with a bitter herb, rubbing it previously had crumbled by hand. The root calmed him all the pain, the wound dried up and the blood stopped flowing. "

When Patroclus back to the ships of Achilles, he meets another wounded: full length. Patroclus remains to care for him. This will show the sensitivity to the suffering of others of Patroclus.

Thus ends the Canto XI, when the Greeks things are worse than ever.

Part One Part Two

Part Three Part Five

Part Six Part Seven