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PROPOSED ACTIVITIES. HISTORY OF SPAIN 2 º

1 .- Coincidences between the phases of the French Revolution and the English foreign policy. Eye begins in 1789.
2 .- What were the major treaties and what was achieved with each? 3 .- Domestic Policy
Godoy
4 .- How Napoleon is seen by the enlightened English?
5 .- Analyze the Constitution of Bayonne. Was it really a constitution?
6 .- Difference between the phases of the Peninsular War (Guerra de la Independencia) 7 .- Notes
what they consist of three phases Miguel Artola difference in a revolution.
8 .- The authorities in Spain in 1808. What are the boards?
9 .- Define: site statement, "French central board, unicameral, indirect election, free and absolute property.
10 .- Characteristics of the 1812 Constitution
11 .- How is secured to the bourgeoisie in the 1812 Constitution?
12 .- The three powers in the constitution of Cadiz.
13 .- Type of establishing sovereignty. 14 .- Call
Cortes: groups, participation, voting ...
15 .- What did the 1 Decree? Concepción 16 .- atnropológica
first liberalism. 17 .- Bases
ideological liberalism. 18 .-
legislative work of the Cortes of Cadiz, what is the purpose?
19 .- Explain what it means the abolition of the feudal courts
20 .- Why María Cristina is based on the liberals? 21 .-
pronouncements. 22 .- Differences
liberals. Ideas, distribution of power, social groups that support them ...
23 .- What are the characteristics of the Carlist? Who benefits?
24 .- Why is the Royal Charter is a constitution?
25 .- What are the characteristics moderate the constitution of 1837? And the liberals?
26 .- Why does that leave the throne Maria Cristina?
27 .- Try to explain the dynastic problem.
28 .- Why Espartero leaves the throne?
29 .- What is the objective of economic policy of the Progressives?
30 .- Why the moderates are closer to the Church?



INSTRUCTIONS.

gettin imagine that not all the notes that you expect on tests. Here are 30 questions to help study and up note. You can try to answer them mentally and exercise to discuss the documents or to reason on the test. This helps to understand the subject and learn.

up note to be answered correctly, the treatment is as follows. 30 questions = 3 points. That is, each point adds 0.10 to the exams. Notice, no unanswered contestéis I have very bad miss. Try it right. No need to answer them all. If you want to upload 1 dot, then answer 10 or 12 questions. Of course, with good lyrics and good writing.

will also notice that the last few years.

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4. The revolutionary six-year period (1868-1874). Democratization attempts

1. Revolution of 1868 and the provisional government

1.1. The Glorious Revolution

The crisis began in 1863 by political instability, with seven governments in five years, including those of Narvaez and O'Donnell. Decomposes the Liberal Union. Liberals refuse to continue participating in the election fraud, going to the Democrats. Prim and other progressive military begin pronouncements like to save you Villarejo (January 1866). Democrats increase their followers. Sergeants revolt in the Quarter of San Gil (June 1866) with swift repression (66 shot) Intellectuals and Castelar (D) was dismissed from his teaching. Mobilize universities, students are faced with several Civil Guard killed in the night of San Daniel (April 1865)

accompanies an economic crisis, financial stocks will sink the railroad and held by the speculation crisis Catalan industry by the American Civil War, cutting import of cotton. There is also a crisis of subsistence in 1867.68. Finally there is a social crisis of unemployment and discontent bourgeoisie financial regime recedes and the crown. Progressives, Democrats and Republicans plan a common strategy, the PACT Ostende (August 1866). Unionists, who died O'Donnel (November 1867) joined the pact. A crown is left with only the clique, with sections of the lnobleza and the Church. Statement in September 1868 with Topete in Cadiz, Prim and Serrano (former unionist) defeats the Elizabethans in Alcolea. VIVA SPAIN WITH HONOR! The queen was exiled in France. The Glorious Revolution

gets his followers where agricultural and industrial proletariat goes deeper, where the trade union movement, Republicans or cantonal. Joints are formed revolutionaries, progressives and Democrats, supported by the middle class and armed popular as FREEDOM VOLUNTEERS. Demand: freedom, universal suffrage, abolition of the fifth and consumption tax, social legislation and decentralization. The demands were being added. Topete did not specify.

The government dissolved the boards and volunteers, ending the two-power Government / Boards. The form: F º SERRANO , President, John Prim (strong man in the ministry of war. The first decrees address the demands:

- Freedom of press, association, education and worship
- universal male suffrage
- Emancipation of the children of slaves in the colonies
- Dissolution of the religious orders post-1837 (referring to the Jesuits)
- Freedom of education and chair, returned to their posts expelled. Sanz del Río example

in Economics:
- They set the peseta as the monetary unit
- Issuance of debt
- opened to foreign capital in state mines
- Reduction of Customs (Tariff Figerola )
- Replacement Tax consumption by a direct personal tax.
All these measures increased the deficit.

As the agrarian problem in late 1869, pro-republican uprisings occur in Cadiz Malaga, Seville and Jerez. Demanding land distribution. The army restored order. Independence movement in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Constituent Assembly. Serrano calls for universal male suffrage elections in January 1869. Victory of the pro-monarchist revolutionary coalition (progressives, unionists and Democrats), who was in government. All elections gave the victory to the group in power. Minority for Republicans, Carlist monarchists.

1.2. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1869.

On 1 June 1869 adopted the 1869 Constitution . Very similar to the 37 and 45, but with limits on royal power. In any case depended on the personality of the king. It is technically superior. For example, first appears a guarantee of constitutional rights.

- Discussions for freedom of religion and state form.
- National sovereignty
- universal male suffrage
- Administrative Decentralization
- Freedom of association
- Legislative Powers of the courts, Congress and Senate
- executive power, the king who exercised by his ministers.
- disappear conditions based on census and eligible to vote.


1.3. Regency Serrano (June 1864-December 1870)


Courts regent named Serrano, who directs the formation of government Prim. Social unrest and high cost of living, unemployment, wage immobility, fifth (war on Cuba). It occurs in the Levant and South, in the main urban centers. Discontent is a Republican. Between September and October starts in Tarragona. Is defeated by the army. Growing labor associations: Get the AIT (1 st International).

Prim governments maintain public order, crack down on banditry Andalusian Carlist attempt (July 1869 Charles VII), but not the Cuban problem. They also take measures to unify the system judicial, penal code, civil marriage, civil registration, provincial and municipal decentralization. The problem is finding a candidate to the English throne. After intense diplomatic work, Amadeo I of the House of Savoy is chosen. In the negotiations emerged the spark for the Franco-Prussian War.

2. democratic monarchy Amadeo I (1871-1872)



When it comes to Madrid just died Prim, its main backer. Political instability is the most outstanding. The monarchy of Amadeo you encounter opposition from many bands:

1) Party Alfonsino : Cánovas, aristocratic landowner, former Puritan businessman. It is against radical reforms and wants to advance the free trade and abolitionism in the colonies. Beware of the labor movement.

2) Internacionalismol workers. Are the moments of the Paris Commune. The slogans are the order of the family, country, state, property. Pablo Iglesias in 1871 founded the PSOE. The labor movement is organized in Madrid, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bCadiz ... Send representatives to Congress in London in the First International, there are very little attention. Parliament is trying to dissolve the AIT, but is unconstitutional. It is divided into two trends, associations (unfriendly to participate in government) and political parties seeking to participate in parliament. Widespread influence of Bakunin's anarchism.

3) Carlists : War III (1872). Carlos VII enters Navarra (Vol. Estella, but Bilbao) and is defeated in Oroquieta. Amorebieta Sign the agreement, which is achieved peace in the Basque Country and Navarra. Are Neocarlistas of Nocedal, supporters of legal action. But others continue to Carlist in Catalonia, Aragon and the Mastership. The Carlist creating the need for fifth (with popular discontent) and fear of the Basque iron.

4) Republicans and federal. In Ferrol is a ratings coup Republicans (October 1872), without success, but it echoes. Identify with the social demands. It formed the first club Republicans, the Republican press ... Within the Republican party is a faction of federalism, are responsible for the insurrection in Jerez (1869). They are divided into volunteers, supporters of legal action, and uncompromising.

5) clashes between progressives and Democratic Unionist government s Serrano. To restrict universal suffrage is passed to single-member districts.
- Liberals are divided, dividing the democratic monarchical coalition: the Constitutionalists (Sagasta more conservative) and radicals (Ruiz Zorrilla). It makes life miserable each other.
- Ruiz Serrano Zorrilla replaces and eliminates the fifth. Then it is replaced by General Joseph Malcampo after Sagasta, resigning in 1871 by a scandal in the party funding.
- Amadeo Serrano again: try to suspend the constitutional rights to crack down on extremist groups. Amadeo is denied. "My, is denied." Names Ruiz Zorrilla. Ruiz Zorrilla

social reforms attempt fails:

-
child protection work - Juries mixed
workers and employers - Abolition of fifths (but not by the Carlist and Cuba)
- Abolition slavery in the colonies (Puerto Rico only with problems for sugar.
- Maybe all I get is the law of the jury.

are the moments of the Long War in Cuba.

The reason for the abdication of Amadeo is the appointment as captain general of progressive military Baltasar Hidalgo, allegedly responsible for the deaths of some gunners in 1866. This is the problem of the civil over the military superiority. The army proposed a military coup. Amadeo refuses. Supports decree and abdicates February 11, 1873.

3. The First Republic (1873)

That same day, parliament, meeting in the National Assembly, proclaim the Republic as a pact between radicals and Republicans to a power vacuum. Is only recognized by Switzerland and the U.S. and a few Latin American countries. FIGUERAS, Federal Republican, was appointed president of government is republican and radical. Want to keep order, do it from above, but:

- Revolt in Spain.
- Attempts in Barcelona proclaimed a Catalan state within the English Republican Federation. The claim of the AIT wage increase, reduced working hours and protection of child labor.
- In Madrid the aristocracy and bourgeoisie migrate. The low stock.

Courts directly elect the ministers. Government measures are: Abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, against conservatives, and deletion of the fifth and Volunteers of the Republic, against the army. Radicals leave the government because they wanted a unitary republic. Gave a coup backed by the military (February and April). The Republicans wanted a vote for a Constituent Assembly on how the Republic. Convening a Constituent Assembly in May, with a lot of abstention (61%). All parties (radical constitutionalists, alfonsinos, Carlist, refuse to participate.) The AIT also supports it. Republicans win federal (91% of the vote)

3.1. Failure of the federal model. Cantonal revolution.

Constitutional Courts (June), proclaimed the Federal Republic. Figueras resign and elect Francisco Cortes and Margall PI, a disciple of Proudhon . The Republicans are divided into conservative (Castelar), center (Pi and Margalll) and intransigent extremists (J.M ª Orense). The lack of consensus led not to approve anything, not even the Constitution. The Draft Constitution of 1973:
- Rights and freedoms as
, 1869 - Federal Republic of 17 States mainland.
- Separation of Church and State: prohibition to subsidize any cult.
- Fourth power, power relationship to maintain balance.

Measures to be tried:

- Agrarian Reform
- Establishment of working
- Jury mixed
employers and workers - Labour protection to children under 16 years. Was approved but not implemented.

Shortly before June, the AIT stated the general strike in Alcoy (higher wages and shorter working hours). Fails for the troops. In Barcelona, \u200b\u200bproclaiming a general strike in support of Alcoy. The internationalists are not decided by the revolutionary general strike. The Carlist are active in the Basque Country, Catalonia and the Mastership. July 16 Carlos VII enters España.es July hardliners separate from the courts. Ask the republic from below, the free formation of cantons, which later merged into the English Federation. Formed in Madrid Public Health Committee, from where he encouraged the formation of cantons. The insurrection broke out on July 12 in Cartagena. The canton. Pi and Margall resigns. Cantonal

Seville, Cadiz, Granada, Murcia, Castellon ... The social cantonalists were a conglomerate composed of artisans, shopkeepers, employees and Republicans led by federal, disappointed by the lack of agility and Margall Pi government. In Cartagena the cantonalists up a provisional government of the English Federation, chaired by Roque Barcia. It is also the time of the Constitution Andaluza No. 1 in Antequera.

3.2. R é public unit.

July 18, the court appoints Nicolas Salmeron, Krausist, president of the republic. Problems remain:

-To quell the cantons the army and Civil Guard. The Republican Army is not going to lift Martínez Campos and Pavia in Andalucia. Salmon close the headquarters of the international unions and arrested the militants. Resigning just attacked by repression.
- Carlismo in the Basque Country, Catalonia and the Maestrazgo
- The War

CASTELAR Cuba, raises the unitary Republic, order, authority and government. Has little support: radicals and constitutionalists. Use a non-republican military. Get special powers that give the Courts:

- rule by decree, suspending constitutional guarantees, crop liberties, especially press.
- Dissolves Volunteers
Republic - Resets the fifth
- Rehabilitate the military orders. Shoot

cantonalism except Cartagena. But not with Carlismo, which still makes forays into Basin, Aragon and Valencia, with games in Castile, Asturias, Galicia and Andalusia. In Cuba, arrest of an American ship Virginia Tornado, corvette. Accused of smuggling to his crew and shot. U.S. threatens war.

Castelar opposition to the republican left. Pi y Maragall. Courts withdraw its confidence from the executive, leading back to the federal republic. The military are not happy. Pavia dissolves the National Assembly with the Guardia Civil. Just there was resistance, which demonstrates the weakness of the Republic, for some too much and others too little. Takes over the new interim government of General Serrano, trying to stabilize the regime. On December 29, 1874 Sagunto pronounce Martínez Campos proclaimed as King Alfonso XII, son Elizabeth II.

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In case (useful addresses for paying back) the confiscation

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desamortizaci% C3% B3n

http://www.arrakis.es/ ~ jmra / desamort.htm

http:// club.telepolis.com / darnil / History / Desamort.htm

http://html.rincondelvago.com/desamortizaciones-espanolas.html

http://1898.mforos.com/1026832/5423708- Confiscation-ecclesiastical la-de-Mendizabal /

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3. Process of confiscation and agrarian change.

the Confiscation


The confiscation should be considered as a process, ranging from Carlos IV to the mid-nineteenth century [1] . The land in the first half of the nineteenth century was in the same hands that in the Old Regime, the Church (especially the religious orders), the rentier nobility, the state or municipalities (own and communal property). They are trying various Liberal governments is to get the property free, absolute and individual. The opposite would be a very rational exploitation are dead hands, that is, were canceled, without being able to enter the market, unable to dispose of them. Thus those who achieve a land use will accumulate to buy from whom they have not taken advantage. By the way culture gets better also increase agricultural production and end the shortage.

The property is sacred, a natural right, support for happiness is the lifeline of the wealth of nations. The State must ensure that property that gives freedom, and intervene as little as possible. This is to provide the necessary conditions to increase the number of owners and the implementation of its work on such property, personal happiness grew, and with it the national wealth.

1. BACKGROUND. GODOY the Confiscation of the Courts of Cadiz and the Liberal Triennium.

situation Finance desperate for the old regime, especially in the court of Charles IV, was to attack the base of the regime. On the advice of Soler, secretary of the treasury, the king decided in September 1789 to conduct a confiscation order to meet the most pressing needs of the Royal Treasury, especially the war against France, and to help remove the attachment of property.

goods to dispose of were those of the public charitable institutions (hospitals, schools ...) governed by ecclesiastical institutions. The proceeds of sales would be placed in a royal box Amortization of 3% annually. The property was sold at public auction, after appraisal trying to divide the property owners for greater leverage.

goods also joined the Society of Jesus and the Residence Halls. Granted to holders of property entailed the possibility of selling them, as long as they impose their product in the Royal Box Amortization.

Pope was asked to accept him. He did a brief Vatican in 1805. They failed

these measures.

During the War of Independence also paying back the commons from municipalities and property of the Inquisition, the Jesuits and orders canceled. The same shall repossessing land during the Liberal Triennium., For example of the assets of the Inquisition, and the return of property acquired during the constitutional triennium. abolishing the feudal courts. Some are deleted mayorazgos not removed in the 1 st confiscation, sold vacant land and municipalities, municipal property .. ie, it will affect personal property of monasteries, convents and schools and also to goods of the aristocracy. The novelty of this confiscation is that goods can be paid with real worth. Parallel to this process, requires a reduction in the tithe of the church, which is replaced by a new contribution (more caudal to the state). The vouchers allow real problem was eventually sold goods 1000 million, but only enter a box 100. With the restoration of the ancien regime to sort return property to former owners, no refund.


2. Mendizabal ecclesiastical confiscation.

The confiscation of Mendizabal was the fastest, largest and irreversible. Any confiscation is carried out in two phases:

- 1 nationalization of assets. Nationalizing means that the government buys the goods, ie the owners are forced to sell these goods to the State for a specified price.
- 2 º privatization of property. Means that the State is left with the goods but offers them for sale, in this case through a public auction.

Mendizábal The confiscation of church property affected, mainly from religious orders. It must fit within the liberal anti-clericalism, and because he had less political cost, ie there was no political groups involved (no nobility or bourgeoisie ...). In fact marked a break in diplomatic relations with the Vatican

When Mendizábal came from London to preside over government in 1835, he was concerned to ensure the throne to Elizabeth II as needed win the Carlist War. This should be done by reducing the public debt. The provisions concerning were: 1 Suppression of religious orders (October 1835) and 2nd system sales of nationalized (February 1836).

The aims are explicit in the same decree of confiscation which is presented to the Queen, is to create a "family-owned heavy," "create and establish the public credit as amazing strength and magical power which must be considered in the opulent free England. " Here is noted the interest shown by England, the cradle of liberalism. We can also observe that considers the convents' useless and prejudicial "in the most enlightened and liberal anticlerical English.

goods concerned are of the regular clergy (religious orders) and secular ("cures"). Not only land, but houses, monasteries, convents, and their belongings, including works of art and books. In July of 1837 affected the female orders and regular clergy. The second law of confiscation of 1837 abolished the tithes and the application was almost nil, but was carried out years later, in 1841 under the regency of Espartero.

The sale is by auction, after an official appraisal. There are two methods of payment. A portion is paid in cash and the rest Cash can be paid in 16 years, and the other paid with public debt in 8 years. Sales volume was between 3500-4000 million reais from 1830-50. In 1835 to 50,000 affected religious, 23,000 and 3,000 religious convents. This represents 12-15% of the property.

The worst affected provinces were Seville, Cordoba, the rest of the Guadalquivir Valley, Salamanca, Zaragoza, Toledo, Valencia and to a lesser extent, Cáceres, Badajoz, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bValladolid ... had less impact in Galicia and across the northern



the sales garnered much of the business bourgeoisie Madrid, especially a comprador bourgeoisie land, former tenants and many civil and military officials

With the confiscation of Mendizabal sought to achieve several objectives: to raise funds to win the Carlist War, reduce public debt (to offer the possibility to be paid in securities issued by state ) attracted to the Liberal ranks the emerging bourgeoisie to seek new loans (to be more healthy the Treasury) and change the structure of church property, which would be amortized and collective and individual to be free. What I served was to download the State in some of its financial obligations, especially the First Carlist War. Confiscation

Madoz.

was performed during the Progressive Biennium, the "General Confiscation Act" in May 1855. Called "General" because they put on sale all common property: the municipalities and the church that had not been sold in the previous stage. Affected the city-owned property and proper and common, that is, collective-owned land or community. They also sell previously nationalized property were of religious origin (which represents the rupture of the Concordat with the Holy See).

The aim was to level the budget, paying off debt and fund public works (railways). Doubled in size to that of Mendizabal, but according Tusell was not so important.

Payment was made only in cash (Mendizabal learned), with discounts for shorter settlement. Only in exceptional cases could be made on debt payment, but according to their price, not the nominal value. Also gave facilities for the redemption of censuses.

The councils put on sale the land and gave the money to the Administration, but not all, was used to clean up public works and municipal accounts. It is unclear whether the absentee take advantage of Madrid, but not to small farmers, although some authors think so. It is clear the purpose typically liberal "to enjoy the quiet of property insurance to enjoy what is ours, for it is constituted society" (Claudio Moyano).

This law was in force until 1924. Narváez left off in 1856, but restored O'Donnell but not affecting the church property.

In this case, the most affected provinces were again Sevilla, Madrid, Toledo, Cadiz, Ciudad Real, Valencia, Ávila, Badajoz, and the less the north of the peninsula.




CONSEQUENCES

a) Economic

The social impact was important, but it was an agrarian reform. Some believe that Mendizabal not tried it, and also the levers of power were weak. Did not change the ownership structure (J. Tusell) or increase the smallholder or the estate. May increase the number of landowners and some increased their properties.

"Increased agricultural production?. That was the idea of \u200b\u200bliberals, but there was, it was necessary to improve techniques. Increased production of marginal land.

The economic power of the Church suffered a transfer to the bourgeoisie. The pope broke off relations with Spain. Addition lost much of its artistic and cultural heritage.

As for the Treasury, the results were lower than expected, not because the prices at auctions are low, but because they are paid on public debt (lower price). Public debt increased at this time, maybe it was in spite of the confiscation, which increased expenses by civil war, which was not enough ... Detour "the confiscation of funds that could have been used in industrialization? Maybe, because the railroads were French (Trojan says yes, Tussell not).

was liberal capitalist property, disappeared and the feudal primogeniture courts. Rents are paying back, and updated. Rose as the leases. Gone were the restrictions on the use of forests, the grazing of cattle and medieval privileges. This was also an ecological disaster

b) Policies

The political consequences were significant consolidated the liberal regime. Buyers will be always in favor of liberalism, but conservative, not progressive. Especially since there was no land reform.

c) social renters

owners, but of bourgeois origin, assimilated into the nobility (unlike in England). In Barcelona, \u200b\u200bthe Basque Country and Madrid (such as Ibarra). Social reform was not possible, they realized at the time. For example, you could have tried, instead of the auction, the census long lease, ie transfer it to the peasants who had a very long time (25-50 years) to pay down the census and thus the property passed (proposed by Flórez Estrada).

A major consequence was the proletarianization of peasants, farmers increased the number of employees, previously as settlers (the old servants of the monastic estates.) This involved a series of protests in Spain. It also liberalized leases: born agricultural proletariat. In short it was an economic failure, financial and social support for the rural lower classes, who had to pay more taxes, so they became anti-liberal (the world we lost)

d) Cultural

In the cultural and urban convents became public buildings (eg, Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla), buildings were destroyed and dispersed equity (sculptures, pictures, files ...)

e) Religious

broke with the Church. It weakened his power. Above all we must bear in mind that the Church supported the Carlist. They lost a tenth in 1837. It was noted in the number of components and their livelihoods.


VALUATION.

- Vicens Vives was not a reform, but merely to be a transfer of church property to the strong classes: large landowners, aristocrats, bourgeois ...
- R. Carr: the sale of community property was a social disaster, because the marginal population snatched their livelihood. So organized riots. He was also a natural disaster (deforestation and erosion). This view is partner to Regeneration. Sales hurt small towns, because that money was paid to the doctor or teacher.
- J. Fontana talks about land reform frustrated. For liberals was a measure of wealth and land to deliver the most active owners and entrepreneurs. But they took away the land to the peasants.
- Tomás y Valiente, was an economic and social, but it should have been done with other media. For example. Santillán, understood in the Treasury, was with Mendizabal, he saw no viable proposal Flórez Estrada.

In general, we can say that Mendizabal paid the Carlist war and saved from bankruptcy and paid Madoz rail. Encouraged both landlordism.

agricultural transformations.

liberal agrarian reform is part of the process of replacing the old regime by capitalist society. Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century produced in Spain a number of legislative changes that will impact on the structure of land ownership. In general we can say that consist of removing the legal obstacles to property liberal: freedom, individual and absolute. Disappear, since the forms of shared ownership. During

Cortes of Cadiz, abolished the feudal regime, the manors passed to be considered as property, and the courts should be integrated in the nation. There is also a law of specific and common distributions.

The Liberal Triennium, during the reign of Fernando VII (1820-1823), jumped off of primogeniture and allowed the closure of farms. The abolition privileges of the Mesta also paved this road. Also allowed the freedom of agricultural leases, free pricing and storage, as well as domestic trade. This will allow the exclusive use of agricultural properties from the individual. This law will be removed during the decade ominous to be replaced during the regencies. Finally released the lands of assets linked and their owners can sell without hindrance. Huge tracts of land left to free market to be bought by the highest bidder, theoretically those most capable and efficient.

addition, as they are dissolved the religious orders spend their heritage properties real. Finally, the abolition of tithes completed the necessary legal framework for property liberal.

A crucial point was the confiscation of Mendizabal and Madoz. Working from then, we can say that the old gentleman became the new owner agriculture.

However, what is found is only a legal, rather than a genuine agrarian reform. The passage of more than 10 million hectares, half of the arable land of dead hands (Church, municipalities), to private landowners should have boosted the growth of production, but it seems that it was not.

The situation in the countryside in the early nineteenth century was very bad. A rural world anchored in the past. It was the base of the economy, since there had been the industrial revolution. The most common words to describe the situation in the countryside are "backward" or "failure." Primarily by natural factors (topography, poor soils ...), but also for socio-political factors: inequality in land ownership (large estates and small farms). With regard to technical changes were slow, we can say that the old regime lasted until 1866. A poor harvest meant a typical mortality crisis AR. As no transport were developed could not send food. The losers were the poorest. The owners are benefiting from rising prices. The laborers or laborers were less wages. Smallholders had to go to loans. In addition we must add the impact of the war of independence, breaking with the Indies and the Carlist Wars. Production levels until 1820 did not begin to recover.

is true that there were changes in the first half of the nineteenth century

-
joint market - opening up: Galicia cattle exported to England and the former colonies
- Specialization and crop adaptation (to the peculiarities land): corn and potatoes to the north, Andalucia and Castilla cereals, vineyards on the Mediterranean coast.
- Increased production, increased crop area (confiscation) and adaptation, not technical improvements: 50% in wheat, 3 times more vid ... This impacted on the best of English food.

could even talk about some land reform had abolished the manorial system had been abolished primogeniture and had been sold off. This was coupled with a liberalization of the land that removed barriers since the development of capitalism

_________________

[1] spoken to untie when talking about real secular (non-clergy), such as primogeniture, and paying back to the church