items 3 and 4 5. The regime of the Restoration and Canovist system. Project work THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY.
ALFONSO XII. 1875-1885.
Sexenio The lack of control was the primary cause of the success of the Restoration
Cánovas prepared for the son of Isabel II. This abdicated in his son in June 1870 and Cánovas accelerated the process in the government of Serrano.
1 .- Principles of Restoration. Cánovas offers a program of national reconciliation in return for accepting the monarchy, all but Carlist and Republican. To get public opinion was crucial International and won the support of France and Austria-Hungary. The army supported the coup
Martínez Campos. Cánovas drafted the Manifesto
Sandhurst (six months late in drawing), which features the son of Isabel II (Alfonso XII) as a constitutional monarch and not absolute, but respectful of liberal Catholicism. Cánovas
takes charge of a ministry-regency, concentrating all powers as in a dictatorship. Press censorship decrees, to be lifted except for Republicans. Try to get a moderate rate ("peace and order"), suspended piece of legislation (eg the Law on Associations) and obtained the support of
Sagasta , leader of the liberal-progressive party. Imitating the English system of alternation in power, a more tolerant, for example supports civil marriage and universal suffrage.
On February 14, 1875 Madrid Alfonso XII enters popular indifference. It is supported by the upper classes and the aristocracy. Social disorder of the first republic was the best advertisement.
2 .- Constitution of 1876.
constitution is a short, pragmatic, flexible, tolerant, Basanda with doctrinaire. It is similar to that of 1845, but includes some rights, 1869. Inspired by the English turnismo
Whigs (Liberals) and
Tories (Conservatives), Cánovas speaks to collect traditional elements of the state: the two basic institutions of sovereignty: the hereditary monarchy and the Courts, before any written documentation and product the will of the centuries. Is what he calls the Constitution
Historical the English monarchy.
The monarchy was not representing the State, the monarchy was
State. Symbol of historical continuity, guarantee of social order and the cornerstone of the system. The army, which had been the other major pillar of liberal XIX may escape, especially after the pacification of Cuba and the Third Carlist War.
shared sovereignty, the legislative power with the courts with the king. The king has a role in the constitution, the moderator role. For this to be effective must be given broad powers to the monarch (supreme commander of the armed forces, royal prerogative to appoint and dismiss ministers, dissolve parliament and call), so that the system ends up depending on the specific personality of the king.
Courts are divided into an upper house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is composed of three types of senators: Senators in their own right (children king's grandees of Spain, officers of the church, the army and administration), senators for life (real naming the most prominent scholars, professors, etc..) and senators (restricted suffrage and indirect state corporations and major contributors). The question
religious conservatives imposed an ambiguous formula that left except the Catholic confessional state and religious freedom.
One of the strengths of the Constitution is that it can serve both progressive and conservatives. For example, the Constitution does not appear the type to vote. It was approved by universal male suffrage ("This time") on June 30, 1876, but when the census-conservatives to impose over Sagasta parliament.
2 .- Operation of the system and the political forces. Inspired by the British two-party system and the shift of matches. We organize two:
- r
Conservative Party, heir to the moderate unionists. Cánovas managed to unite many of the Elizabethans and the revolutionaries of the administration. They are based in the bourgeoisie, aristocrats and senior civilian and military. Especially in southern Spain, where he also has hit the middle classes. Their leader is Cánovas. The party emerged from a meeting in the Senate in May 1875, with former parliamentary monarchies of Elizabeth II and Amadeo I, including in 1884 the Catholic Union of
Pidal y Mon. Right was only the Carlismo
- Liberal Party
: collects and radical democrats (not end up together), also left Sagasta unionista.Su leader is born of the dissatisfaction of the Restoration (Martínez Campos , for example). Its base is among merchants and industrialists, mainly in the north. Its origin was in the Constitutional Party and Sagasta Serrano founded later, in 1879 the Center joined with the Constitutional Liberal Party and Liberal Party was formed in 1881 Fusionist with Sagasta as a leader.
1878 law to vote based on census returns in 1879, the press law and 1880 law limiting constitutional freedoms meeting. Also controls the education system. The first hard Liberal government from 1881 to 1883, more liberal, returning to academic freedom, assembly and removing censorship, reform the finance and civil code.
After a reasonable period of two to five years, the government spent in each of the dynastic parties, the king, making use of the royal prerogative, President of the Council appointed the head of another party turnante, dissolved the Parliament, and the new party, once in power, was preparing for elections and electoral manipulation through could always get a majority in parlamento.El system is based on chieftaincy in rural areas and electoral fraud (rigging) , so that the oligarchy (ministers, governors, senators and representatives ...) direct the political life. Offside
are:
- Carlist
: Ending the war in 1876 with Martinez Campos. In the north last somewhat longer. Carlism was less successful than in the revolutionary era .. We can also add that there was a statutory reform (July 1876) which were Basques subject to taxes and special services. In 1878, the economic agreement
gave them some autonomy. This also weakened the strength of the Carlist. Ended Carlism defeated first by the surrender of
Ramón Cabrera (with its subsequent recognition) and the flight of Charles VIII after the defeat of Treviño.
- Republicans
:
Castelar is working with the system, and others attempting the delivery.
- Regionalism and nationalism
:
- Catalan. The Renaixença meant recognition of Catalan as the language of culture as well as a great intellectual activity in the history and claiming the special Catalan arts and identity in the region. On the other hand, the Catalan industrial bourgeoisie was considered under-represented in central government and demanded greater protectionism (see conflict with Espartero). political Catalanism began as a traditionalist, but found Valenti Almirall figure within liberalism. This was founded in 1882 the Centre Catalá . Very important was the wording of the call Bases de Manresa (1892), prepared by He joined the Catalanista , which advocated a power Catalonia within the English State, with competence. Represent conservative nationalism. After the disaster of 1898, the Catalan achieved some electoral success in 1901 and created the Regionalist League by Prat de la Riba and Francesc Cambo, representatives of Catalan progressive.
- Basque nationalism. influenced both in its creation Carlism and defense of the privileges as the development of a cultural movement in defense of Euskera. The large inventor of Basque nationalism was Sabino Arana , who founded the PNV. Its design was much more traditional and ultra-Catholic, and saw as a threat to Basque culture the arrival of immigrants, which he called by the derogatory term of Maketos . His motto was "God and the old law." At first the PNV fiercely declaring independence, and a bit racist, to moderate some time after
-
Labour movement, is divided between socialists and anarchists. Dissolve the International Labour Association (TIA) in 1874. The law on associations of 1881 allows creation. We can see two branches.
- Anarchism: working was the most influential ideology in the Restoration. Was introduced by Italian Giuseppe Fannelli disciple of Bakunin . In an early favored direct action (terrorist actions to light the fuse of revolution) as the attack against Martinez Campos, against Alfonso XII or the one that killed Cánovas. Later it appears an anarcho sector, through the union Solidaridad Obrera , germ National Labour Confederation (CNT). Also essential Rounds was the creation of anarchists to bring culture to the working class.
- Socialism: In 1879, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid founded printer English Socialist Party (PSOE). Was legalized in 1881 by Sagasta. Its aim was to achieve political power for the working class and revolutionary ideology combined with participation in political life. His body was broadcast The socialist . In 1888 created a union, the General Union of Workers . To organize is the People's Houses were founded.
The problems facing the system are: Problem of the Third Carlist War, Cuba and the problem of Catalan regionalism Cánovas's government succeeded in ending the Carlist war after more than a year of fighting. After pacifying the downtown area and Catalonia, the last campaign was conducted in Navarra and the Basque Country. Completed in February 1876 when Don Carlos
crossed the border and took refuge in France. The Long War of Cuba managed to finish Martínez Campos
Zanjón Peace in 1878.
In 1883, Sigismund
Moret, Minister of governance reform commission creates the social, legal uniformity is attempted.
4. THE REGENCY OF M ª CRISTINA (1885-1902) Alfonso XII's death is a crisis but not the breakdown of the Restoration. Cánovas, to avoid naming the heir to the daughter of Alfonso XII and return to the problem Carlist pact with Sagasta. He proposes to wait for the birth of the child she is expecting M ª Cristina de Alfonso XII. It is the Pact
El Pardo. Javier Tusell argues that such a covenant did not exist.
Sagasta, head of the merged party, heads a government called the Long Parliament (1885-1890). The merged party sought to incorporate the Republicans. Republicans coup attempt (Villacampa Madrid, 1886), which precludes Canovist collaboration with the system. They are divided between the possibility (Castelar) which are treated as the party mergers, and Salmon founded the Centre Party. Carlist Catholics are also divided.
C. Nocedal based fundamentalism.
Sagasta The government is committed to a series of reforms:
- Universal Suffrage (1890). More symbolic than real. Conservatives disown him because they believe that will more corruption .. This may benefit the most moderate Republicans.
- Jury Act (1888)
- Law of Associations for religious congregations and also of a social (1887).
Act - economic development, free trade status.
- Reform of the Civil Code (1889). Allows civil marriage, local government reform.
- Finance Reforms
- Reform in Colonial Administration.
- Reforms in the army conscription (the conservatives are against) and also fails to reform the General Staff.
Minister of State, Sigismund Moret, favors a more active foreign policy and establishing embassies in London, Berlin, Rome and Vienna. Get the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) by the friction with France in Morocco. The agreement was secretly renewed in 1891, but not in 1985. However, this will not help Spain in the Caribbean, where you will have problems.
Sagasta left the government over an alleged financial scandal and division in his party. There are elections in 1891, the census increases from one to four million voters. And alternate the Liberals and Conservatives, wins Cánovas. Great reviews from other parties.
Conservatives changed the open door policy: protectionism to please the Castilian and Andalusian grain, textiles and steel Catalan North. It is the "protective tariff" of 1891, great prices. There is also division among conservatives:
Silvela supports a public morality (which relates to the regeneration) and Romero Robledo
that advocates tough on Cuba. Start a movement to counter the liberal Catholic layman. Conservatives are going to be supporters of state intervention in the economy. This change in attitude is influenced by: Rerum Novarum
(
encyclical of Leo XIII
), the Church's social approach, the
Krausists , supporters of the intervention influence of "state socialism" German , is seen in the celebration of Labour Day, 1 May 1890
The social issue is hot in the Andalusian countryside, in the Catalan textile sector. Rages in the attack against Martinez Campos, the Liceu in Barcelona or Jerez mutiny (the Black Hand
). The repression is hard (anti-terrorism law) to accelerate the conflict. Cánovas assassination, mining and industrial strike in the north.
5. THE CACIQUES . The shift of political parties was a formula for immediate benefits, thanks to electoral manipulation, gave both parties the possibility of alternation in government peacefully. As was already agreed, was chosen counterfeiting permanent, for safeguarding the political, economic and social. The political system worked from top to bottom. The parties were in the hands of "notables" who organized the electoral machinery and the control of local power by caciques practice. This will guarantee the exercise of power by an oligarchy. Power relations are reduced to a simple scheme. A group composed exclusively of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy dominated the system, while the "real Spain" formed by the middle and lower classes was excluded from political decision-making.
box is called the candidate "fit" will distort national. The formula consisted in the elaboration of a list that included candidates who wanted the government. These official candidates had virtually won the election, pressure or the rigging, coercion, violence, fraud, vote buying, falsification of records, in the count, the existence of "
embolados " or "monkeys
(people who replaced the voters) ...
The chieftaincy was a socio-political fact which lasted throughout the Restoration, consisting of the power in certain areas, especially rural ones, the politically influential people (mayors), economic ("gentlemen" landowners) or prestige and status (lawyers, doctors). Of relying on the peasants. The chiefs were members of a local or regional elite, rooted in rural areas, a closed society, and acted as intermediaries between the latter and the state. This phenomenon is similarly in the south of Italy and Yugoslavia. To a rural world that is backward peasants become outdated and consider the chief as a mediator with the State that will solve the problems of the fifth, writings, taxes ... so they are grateful. In many cases sealed by a fictive kinship (godparents). It should also be aware that staff may change, but the boss always remained, as the real party available to the central political power to get in touch with social reality of the Old Regime.
The chiefs were, therefore, the most influential of the locality and, in practice, political actors in charge of collecting the votes and rig the election for the deputy corresponding box. The chieftaincy was part of social relations especially in rural areas. Large landowners used their control over municipalities and county councils to submit to the farmers and laborers. A change became dispensers of favors in exchange for favors, creating a "
patronage "and" patronage ". The golden rule was "for the enemies, the law, for friends, please."
