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First news of the Hebrew people (III)

In the year 714 BC Hezekiah king of Judah, rebelled against Assyrian king. The Assyrian king shuts him up in Jerusalem and establishing a stronger control of Judah. 47 centers were built fortified to prevent future rebellions and Hezekiah's successors would have to pay a tribute to future Assyrian kings, which was completed until the year 630 BC after the death of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. At that time Josiah (a descendant of Hezekiah) was king of Judah. Josiah began a series of political and religious reforms at the same time sought to recover the autonomy, but died very young in the battlefield so that he could not go ahead with his plan.

Assyrian, though he had been allied with the Egyptians in their struggle against the Jews, could not withstand the attack of the powerful Babylonians who enter its borders to the south. The Babylonians came with another god to mind: Marduk. Assur IAHV had defeated, but was overwhelmed by the attacks of this new god.

The Jews went from being subjects of the Assyrians to be subjects of the Babylonians. His situation had not improved. The Babylonians came to Jerusalem in the year 597.aC and deported to the king of Judah and his best men to Babylon. In 587.aC after another attempt at rebellion, the temple of Solomon was destroyed and burned the whole city. What remained of the population was deported to Babylon, although a few escaped to Egypt. In Judah was very sparsely populated. The few that remained were in the vicinity of Jerusalem and were supervised by a governor appointed by the Babylonians. The Hebrews became so insignificant at this time that we have almost no news of them.

This was a brutal blow to this town because his god had failed to protect them and had not been able to stay in their "promised land." Among the few who remained then came the temptation to abandon the cult of IAHV and focus on enjoying the pleasures of life, which many prophets denounce:

"they are also reeling from the wine and folly by the spirits. Priests and prophets stagger from the liquor, and wine dominates: the spirits will make blunders, wobble as if they had visions, reluctant to pronounce sentence "

Isaiah 28, 7-8

Those deported from the kingdom of Samaria had forgotten his country, his God and his tongue had become Assyrians (then Babylonians). However, the exiles in Babylon (the captives of Jerusalem) will be central to the survival of the Hebrew. Are written to begin the drafting of what would be the Old Testament. They alone remain faithful to their land, their culture and their god. Will be devoted to an intense intellectual work to understand the causes of his misfortunes, ruling that it was directly because of IAHV or IAHV be less powerful than gods. In the covenant they had made with God, there were only two parties (IAHV and the Jewish people), if the fault was not IAHV undoubtedly should have been the fault of the people. This work will build on what has been said by many prophets (especially Isaiah and Jeremiah) and Josiah reform that failed to complete.

This discussion raises two main ideas. The first idea is that IAHV has punished the Jewish people. Everything was the fault of the people. The second idea is the concern for the ethnic survival of the Jewish people to once again regain the Promised Land.

Ezekiel, who is the great prophet of exile, Jews painted heads that have failed the people and bad pastors who have failed to achieve unity calling IAHV:

"Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, saying, Pastors, thus saith the Lord God: Ah the shepherds of Israel who feed themselves! Not to be grazing sheep to the shepherds? Ye you take milk and clothe yourselves with the wool, you kill the fattened sheep, but do not feed the flock. You have not strengthened the weak or have healed the sick, have not brought back to the misguided nor sought the lost, but that have led to cruelty and violence "

Ezekiel 34, 2-5

The authors of the Old Testament to associate division of the kingdom of Solomon to a desire to punish Solomon IAHV because his kingdom had worshiped other gods:

"Thus says the Lord God of Israel: I will tear the kingdom from the hands of Solomon and I will give ten tribes. Will be a tribe for David, my servant, and Jerusalem, the city I chose all the tribes of Israel. Because he has forsaken me and have worshiped Ashtoreth the goddess of Sidon, to Camós, god of Moab, and MILCON, god of the Ammonites, and has not kept my ways, doing what is right in my eyes, nor kept my statutes and my commandments, as his father David "

1 Kings 11, 31-34

Thus arises the idea that IAHV is a jealous god who demands exclusivity and if that requirement is not met, punishment:

"This happened because the Israelites had sinned against Lord your God who brought them out of Egypt, the power of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and they worshiped foreign gods "

2 Kings 17, 7-8

Josiah already raised this idea (which IAHV were punished for worshiping other gods). Josiah, to be given authority had said he had found a book in the temple of Jerusalem. The central message of this book is found in Deuteronomy:

"Do not go after other gods, after the gods of the nations around you because the Lord your God, who is in your midst , is a jealous God, and the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against you and you would destroy the earth "

Deuteronomy 6, 14-16

What

it says is that IAHV not be the chief god of the people, but must be the only god worshiped or punish those who worship other gods.

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First news of the Hebrew people (II)

In Exodus we are introduced to IAHV as warrior god. Shows its superiority fighting other gods. The first god is fighting against Dagon, god of the Philistines. The Philistines were Indo-Europeans were implanted in the area of \u200b\u200bthe coast of Gaza. Both the name and the worship of Dagon was imported from Babylon. In one of these battles between Philistines and Hebrews, the Philistines stole the Ark of the Covenant in which the tables were kept Jewish law. Thus expected to reduce the power of Yahweh. However, in the Bible that just being IAHV god strong and defeated the Philistines.

"The Philistines took the ark of God, and took from Ebenezer to Ashdod, the temple of Dagon, and set it by Dagon. When they of Ashdod arose early in the morning they found Dagon fallen to the ground face down before the ark of the Lord. Dagon lifted and placed on your site. When they got up the next morning, Dagon had fallen to the ground face down before the ark of the Lord, and the head of Dagon and both hands were cut on the threshold of Dagon was left only the trunk. (...) The hand of the Lord laid upon them of Ashdod and its surroundings, filled them with dread and afflicted with tumors. The men of Ashdod saw this, they said <>

1 Samuel 5, 1-8

IAHV also fighting other gods, and Chemosh, god of the Moabites (former nomads who had become sedentary at the Dead Sea and Jordan). This town had the practice of "wrecking" the gods of the conquered peoples. IAHV's name appears on a stela Kemosh war against the Moabites.

With all this it is clear that IAHV was a warrior god, but if there was any doubt there is more than reading the "Song of Deborah", a hymn of war and destruction:

"The princes of Israel went ahead, the people volunteered. Praise the Lord! Old kings, give ear, princes: I will sing to the Lord God of Israel. Sir, when you went out from Seir, when you marched from the fields of Edon, the earth shook, the sky was troubled, the clouds dumped in water. The mountains melted before the Lord's presence, the presence of the Lord God of Israel. (...) The gods preferred foreign war had already reached the gates, barely visible a shield or a spear among forty thousand in Israel. My heart turns to the leaders of Israel, the courageous people, praise the Lord! That you ride the white donkeys, sitting on carpets, and ye that ye in the ways: Sing! The cry of those who come to the watering places, where they celebrate the Lord's deeds, the deeds of its dominance in Israel. (...) The horses' hoofs echoed galloping, galloping with their riders. Curse Meroz said the angel of the Lord, curse, curse its inhabitants, who came to the aid of the Lord, in aid of the Lord among the heroes. (...) So all your enemies perish, O Lord, and those who love you be like the sun rises with all force. "

Judges 5, 2-32

During the reign of King David, the Jews enjoyed the greatest power over the "promised land" in the history of the people. At his death, his son Solomon became the power of the kingdom. Solomon strengthens the idea of \u200b\u200bJerusalem as a sacred center in the city and built a temple for the worship of Yahweh. Yet Solomon's successor was not accepted by the entire Jewish territory, causing a division of people into two different territories. To the north was Israel, whose capital was Samaria. To the south was Judah, whose capital was Jerusalem. This schism is given in 925 BC

However, these two kingdoms unite to fight against the Assyrians, who threatened to conquer that territory to expand into Egypt. In 722 BC the Assyrians took Samaria, the capital of Israel and two years later the Assyrian king Sargoh deports all its inhabitants (28,000 people) and the city is rebuilt and becomes an Assyrian province. In this way removes the state of Israel. The revered Assyro Assur, and after this defeat demonstrates the power of IAHV, since it seems that other gods are more powerful than he.

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First news of the Jewish people (I)

About 1200 BC we have one of the first news of this town. In the wake of the Pharaoh Merneptah is written the name "Israel", referring to the "tribe" as a defeated tribe. Later there is little news in this town, the only reference we have of what follows is what appears in the Bible. This means they may not exist, but we will not go that route.

Before continuing it should be remembered line of events that would be:

Tribes of Israel are beginning to coalesce from the reign of Saul. After moving to the ancient tribes that lived there and take the land occupying a part of what will be known as later as Israel.

Around 1,000 BC establishing the kingdom of David, Saul's successor, a kingdom with a monarch. David extended his kingdom through military conquests, thus becomes the prototype of the Jewish king. This era is named after a book of the Bible, the "Judges" (Shoftim in Hebrew, meaning "chief or leader). David begins to centralize the order (and power) of the tribes and religious core set as Jerusalem, the place associated with IAHV where IAHV be elected as patron god of the Hebrews. During this time other than the "elohim" (gods), the Jews have a protective god of the gods defend them protectors of other people against that war to defend the "promised land." The name of this god is IAHV and was appointed for the first time in the flight from Egypt of Moses, when he fled to Midian. Moses escaped from Egypt because he has committed a murder IAHV look like a good deed:

"In those days, Moses, senior, was where his brothers. He saw his hard work and watched an Egyptian mistreating a brother, a Hebrew. He looked around, saw that there was no one he killed the Egyptian and buried in the sand. Also came the next day. He saw two Hebrews quarreling, and told the attacker: "Why are you hitting your neighbor?" He replied, "Who has constituted ruler and judge over us? Do you think to kill me as you killed the Egyptian? "Moses feared and said:" The thing is known. " The Pharaoh was also aware of what happened and tried to kill Moses. "

Exodus 2, 11-16

In the northern kingdom of Israel also worshiped the god Baal, but the chief god or "more important" was IAHV:

"(...) and are not sufficient to imitate the sins of Jeroboam, son of Nabat, took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal, king of Sidon, and served and worshiped Baal. Built an altar to Baal in the temple of Baal which he built in Samaria "

1 Kings 16, 31-32

Thus some religious unification is achieved. Note that Jerusalem has not always been Jewish city, but was conquered by them. The promised land previously belonged to other people.

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IAHV, Hebrew god

The Hebrews adopted monotheism, or at least began to take shape, around the fourth century BC is, a millennium after Moses (whose existence is around 1,300. BC). However, the Bible presents a Moses who speaks of only one god. Most often, Moses believed in many gods. One of them is IAHV, whom Moses asked for the release of the "goyim" (translates as "gentiles" and are people who are not Jewish himself).

This is because what we know today as Old Testament was written about 1,000 years after Moses, shortly before the monotheistic Hebrews. Despite all this we can not speak of a Hebrew polytheism. Unlike the Greeks (for example) the Hebrews had a pantheon of gods, ie not worship many gods simultaneously. Their god was IAHV, the god who cared for his people, but do not exclude the other gods of other peoples (accepting that other people might have other gods, ie IAHV was not the only god exists.) Therefore we must speak of monolatry.

This term gives a sense of ritual, not an ideological system. Monolatry is more practical. IAHV Jews worship but did not exclude the other gods. These gods of "group" or "national" will, in general, the gods of war (this is the case of IAHV, originally conceived as a war god).