MAIN POLICY OPTIONS: LIBERAL moderates and progressives, the Democrats.
again is an issue about the transition from absolutism to liberalism. Miguel Artola Following these two concepts are interesting: Tuesday, January 12, 2010
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POLITICAL SYSTEM: A set of participants involved in decision-making and political norms
POWER SYSTEM: institutions - educational, administrative and judicial responsible for imposing ...- society's acceptance and implementation of such decisions. OLD REGIME
political system would be one in which the monarch has the total (embracing) the right to determine how many and who must participate in the political system, including the ability to modify at will the rules governing the decision-making ... Sovereignty of the monarch. POWER SYSTEM
legally heterogeneity of territories (jurisdictions) and groups (privileges) - and institutional heterogeneity. Irrationality. LIBERAL SYSTEM
POLITICAL SYSTEM: political participation is a generalized right of the citizens. Begins to be restricted (based on census suffrage) to go to expand (universal suffrage). There is no right to alter the fundamental political norms. Only the Constituent can change the constitution. The "craving" the king is reduced to the provision of political office, especially ministers. Theory: Sovereignty
national
POWER SYSTEM: rationalization, standardization and centralization, maximize yields.
Liberals are mainly bourgeois, ie the social group that has been enriched, mainly from trade and business, in Spain there is little industrial bourgeoisie, some are former nobles. In fact there is little bourgeoisie. Not really represent the people. Are few, and they do not defend the people, speaking on behalf of the people, but their theories will benefit them. Defend:
- Equal rights: to end the charters and privileges. This ensures the equality of opportunity.
- Division of powers: the legislative power with the courts (or the courts with the king), King has the executive.
- The power comes to the king, the courts and the rest of the administration of the nation: national sovereignty
- The State is not the king, as in the Old Regime. The king is only his head (or chief executive)
- The king must also obey the laws
- Public officials (the mayor to minister) are not for the noble, but for the most able. Not appointing the feudal nobles and in courts. (Although falling into the hands of the nobles)
- Economic Freedom, contracting and trades mainly
- Abolition of the Guilds
- Safeguarding the right to private property
- Prevent the land is depreciated, ie, bound by law: in the hands of an entailed estate or a monastery, for example.
- The state should only ensure that that is true there is security and maintenance of roads ...
- have to end the estate society and is of a class society (rich and poor)
For all it needed to regulate a constitution. Within
liberals are two streams:
doctrinaire liberalism or moderate: Double
sovereignty, and Crown Courts. Shared sovereignty. The crown has the executive power and the "moderator." Sugragio selected there. Defend the rights and legal equality individual. Gentry and nobility. Intervention by central government.
we talk about moderate, first time during the triennium liberal on doceañista. The evolution of policy from the Constitution of 1837 continued a trend toward right-wing sector of liberalism, conservatism. The agenda of conservatism due to some ideological records and also features a social and biographical backgrounds very specific. In its initial stage was known as fusion or stationary, ie conservative. Among its members were former employees of Fernando VII in the final stages of government, bureaucrats, former doceañista Liberals disappointed and strongly influenced by the ideas of French doctrinaire liberalism.
moderate model was, above all, pragmatic (practical). On the one hand sought to assimilate the beliefs or institutions accumulated tradition and liberal ideas, to form own way, traditional and modern. On the other side were more attentive to the economic interests of the social forces of the political principles. They are men of order. His concern was to build a unitary state and secure, served by a centralized administration.
For all the moderates, the revolution ended with the 1837 Constitution, which made interpretation restrictive. If advanced further, which would be a "popular overflow", violence and anarchy. The brake was a limited exercise of political rights, which is justified for very different reasons. Andrés Borrego spoke of "sovereignty of reason" and Donoso Cortes, the "sovereignty of the intelligence." Alcalá Galiano was assured that where physical and moral power must also be political. All these statements concluded that the power should be in a legitimate aristocracy "natural" no longer were exclusively those of the ancien regime, but also the middle class and upper middle class "capabilities." The government of the best in nature
Later, with the rise of Narváez, within the moderate there are three trends:
- The far right sector, represented by the Marquis de Viluma, who wanted a return to the Statute Real reconciliation with the Carlist through marriage with the queen and even some form of corporate representation in the parliamentary system.
- On the left, the Puritan sector, led by Joaquín Pacheco, who wanted to reconcile with the progressives, and was willing to uphold the Constitution of 1837.
- In the center, where Narvaez stood, and others from different backgrounds and Martinez Rose, Alcalá Galiano (doceañista), old illustrated as López Ballesteros and bureaucrats as Alejandro Pidal y Mon
progressive or radical Liberalism
The legislative power was only Cortes. Only the courts could do the Constitution and the king should jurarlas number greater political participation. Based on census suffrage is higher. Freedom of the press. Also only individual rights. Never come to power legally, they are called as a last resort after the Revolution or urban uprisings.
born in the three years as the so-called liberal veinteañistas. Although based on census suffrage remained tended to make it wider, while they wanted to give greater autonomy to local authorities and expand freedom of the press. Were very characteristic of national sovereignty and defense of the National Militia. That explains the confrontation with the moderate (reflected in the confrontation between Maria Cristina and Espartero). In local elections in late 1839 won the progressives, especially in the Mediterranean, Andalusia and Madrid. The moderate government's response was the adoption in Parliament of a new local law that would allow the central to municipal control. The ensuing riots brought to the regency of Maria Cristina and the beginning of Espartero.
are most sympathetic in the middle class means land owners, merchants, manufacturers and university intellectuals. Until the mid-50 had the sympathy of the masses. Especially in urban areas. In defending the free trade economic issues (or economic liberalism), were based on the idea that the best way to overcome the country's problems was to address economic development, eliminating the barriers to trade. Another important point was to suppress the "blood tax", ie compulsory military service by the system of conscription. In favor of well-paid professional army and taught.
Democrats:
maximalist interpretation of sovereignty. Universal suffrage, popular sovereignty, social rights such as freedom of assembly and association, social justice. They appear as the first left wing Republicans.
Around 1841, come the Democrats, especially those political groups that made the explicit declaration of republicanism and obtained a significant number of votes in the city. A program of the left with social measures such as land distribution disentailed, the general diffusion of education or decrease the military budget. However, this emerging sector was a major Republican no danger to Espartero.
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