1. Revolution of 1868 and the provisional government
1.1. The Glorious Revolution
The crisis began in 1863 by political instability, with seven governments in five years, including those of Narvaez and O'Donnell. Decomposes the Liberal Union. Liberals refuse to continue participating in the election fraud, going to the Democrats. Prim and other progressive military begin pronouncements like to save you Villarejo (January 1866). Democrats increase their followers. Sergeants revolt in the Quarter of San Gil (June 1866) with swift repression (66 shot) Intellectuals and Castelar (D) was dismissed from his teaching. Mobilize universities, students are faced with several Civil Guard killed in the night of San Daniel (April 1865) accompanies an economic crisis, financial stocks will sink the railroad and held by the speculation crisis Catalan industry by the American Civil War, cutting import of cotton. There is also a crisis of subsistence in 1867.68. Finally there is a social crisis of unemployment and discontent bourgeoisie financial regime recedes and the crown. Progressives, Democrats and Republicans plan a common strategy, the PACT Ostende (August 1866). Unionists, who died O'Donnel (November 1867) joined the pact. A crown is left with only the clique, with sections of the lnobleza and the Church. Statement in September 1868 with Topete in Cadiz, Prim and Serrano (former unionist) defeats the Elizabethans in Alcolea. VIVA SPAIN WITH HONOR! The queen was exiled in France. The Glorious Revolution
gets his followers where agricultural and industrial proletariat goes deeper, where the trade union movement, Republicans or cantonal. Joints are formed revolutionaries, progressives and Democrats, supported by the middle class and armed popular as FREEDOM VOLUNTEERS. Demand: freedom, universal suffrage, abolition of the fifth and consumption tax, social legislation and decentralization. The demands were being added. Topete did not specify.
The government dissolved the boards and volunteers, ending the two-power Government / Boards. The form: F º SERRANO , President, John Prim (strong man in the ministry of war. The first decrees address the demands:
- Freedom of press, association, education and worship
- universal male suffrage
- Emancipation of the children of slaves in the colonies
- Dissolution of the religious orders post-1837 (referring to the Jesuits)
- Freedom of education and chair, returned to their posts expelled. Sanz del Río example
in Economics:
- They set the peseta as the monetary unit
- Issuance of debt
- opened to foreign capital in state mines
- Reduction of Customs (Tariff Figerola )
- Replacement Tax consumption by a direct personal tax.
All these measures increased the deficit.
As the agrarian problem in late 1869, pro-republican uprisings occur in Cadiz Malaga, Seville and Jerez. Demanding land distribution. The army restored order. Independence movement in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Constituent Assembly. Serrano calls for universal male suffrage elections in January 1869. Victory of the pro-monarchist revolutionary coalition (progressives, unionists and Democrats), who was in government. All elections gave the victory to the group in power. Minority for Republicans, Carlist monarchists.
1.2. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1869.
On 1 June 1869 adopted the 1869 Constitution . Very similar to the 37 and 45, but with limits on royal power. In any case depended on the personality of the king. It is technically superior. For example, first appears a guarantee of constitutional rights.
- Discussions for freedom of religion and state form.
- National sovereignty
- universal male suffrage
- Administrative Decentralization
- Freedom of association
- Legislative Powers of the courts, Congress and Senate
- executive power, the king who exercised by his ministers.
- disappear conditions based on census and eligible to vote.
1.3. Regency Serrano (June 1864-December 1870)
Courts regent named Serrano, who directs the formation of government Prim. Social unrest and high cost of living, unemployment, wage immobility, fifth (war on Cuba). It occurs in the Levant and South, in the main urban centers. Discontent is a Republican. Between September and October starts in Tarragona. Is defeated by the army. Growing labor associations: Get the AIT (1 st International).
Prim governments maintain public order, crack down on banditry Andalusian Carlist attempt (July 1869 Charles VII), but not the Cuban problem. They also take measures to unify the system judicial, penal code, civil marriage, civil registration, provincial and municipal decentralization. The problem is finding a candidate to the English throne. After intense diplomatic work, Amadeo I of the House of Savoy is chosen. In the negotiations emerged the spark for the Franco-Prussian War.
2. democratic monarchy Amadeo I (1871-1872)
When it comes to Madrid just died Prim, its main backer. Political instability is the most outstanding. The monarchy of Amadeo you encounter opposition from many bands:
1) Party Alfonsino : Cánovas, aristocratic landowner, former Puritan businessman. It is against radical reforms and wants to advance the free trade and abolitionism in the colonies. Beware of the labor movement.
2) Internacionalismol workers. Are the moments of the Paris Commune. The slogans are the order of the family, country, state, property. Pablo Iglesias in 1871 founded the PSOE. The labor movement is organized in Madrid, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bCadiz ... Send representatives to Congress in London in the First International, there are very little attention. Parliament is trying to dissolve the AIT, but is unconstitutional. It is divided into two trends, associations (unfriendly to participate in government) and political parties seeking to participate in parliament. Widespread influence of Bakunin's anarchism.
3) Carlists : War III (1872). Carlos VII enters Navarra (Vol. Estella, but Bilbao) and is defeated in Oroquieta. Amorebieta Sign the agreement, which is achieved peace in the Basque Country and Navarra. Are Neocarlistas of Nocedal, supporters of legal action. But others continue to Carlist in Catalonia, Aragon and the Mastership. The Carlist creating the need for fifth (with popular discontent) and fear of the Basque iron.
4) Republicans and federal. In Ferrol is a ratings coup Republicans (October 1872), without success, but it echoes. Identify with the social demands. It formed the first club Republicans, the Republican press ... Within the Republican party is a faction of federalism, are responsible for the insurrection in Jerez (1869). They are divided into volunteers, supporters of legal action, and uncompromising.
5) clashes between progressives and Democratic Unionist government s Serrano. To restrict universal suffrage is passed to single-member districts.
- Liberals are divided, dividing the democratic monarchical coalition: the Constitutionalists (Sagasta more conservative) and radicals (Ruiz Zorrilla). It makes life miserable each other.
- Ruiz Serrano Zorrilla replaces and eliminates the fifth. Then it is replaced by General Joseph Malcampo after Sagasta, resigning in 1871 by a scandal in the party funding.
- Amadeo Serrano again: try to suspend the constitutional rights to crack down on extremist groups. Amadeo is denied. "My, is denied." Names Ruiz Zorrilla. Ruiz Zorrilla
social reforms attempt fails:
-
child protection work - Juries mixed
workers and employers - Abolition of fifths (but not by the Carlist and Cuba)
- Abolition slavery in the colonies (Puerto Rico only with problems for sugar.
- Maybe all I get is the law of the jury.
are the moments of the Long War in Cuba.
The reason for the abdication of Amadeo is the appointment as captain general of progressive military Baltasar Hidalgo, allegedly responsible for the deaths of some gunners in 1866. This is the problem of the civil over the military superiority. The army proposed a military coup. Amadeo refuses. Supports decree and abdicates February 11, 1873.
3. The First Republic (1873)
That same day, parliament, meeting in the National Assembly, proclaim the Republic as a pact between radicals and Republicans to a power vacuum. Is only recognized by Switzerland and the U.S. and a few Latin American countries. FIGUERAS, Federal Republican, was appointed president of government is republican and radical. Want to keep order, do it from above, but:
- Revolt in Spain.
- Attempts in Barcelona proclaimed a Catalan state within the English Republican Federation. The claim of the AIT wage increase, reduced working hours and protection of child labor.
- In Madrid the aristocracy and bourgeoisie migrate. The low stock.
Courts directly elect the ministers. Government measures are: Abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, against conservatives, and deletion of the fifth and Volunteers of the Republic, against the army. Radicals leave the government because they wanted a unitary republic. Gave a coup backed by the military (February and April). The Republicans wanted a vote for a Constituent Assembly on how the Republic. Convening a Constituent Assembly in May, with a lot of abstention (61%). All parties (radical constitutionalists, alfonsinos, Carlist, refuse to participate.) The AIT also supports it. Republicans win federal (91% of the vote)
3.1. Failure of the federal model. Cantonal revolution.
Constitutional Courts (June), proclaimed the Federal Republic. Figueras resign and elect Francisco Cortes and Margall PI, a disciple of Proudhon . The Republicans are divided into conservative (Castelar), center (Pi and Margalll) and intransigent extremists (J.M ª Orense). The lack of consensus led not to approve anything, not even the Constitution. The Draft Constitution of 1973:
- Rights and freedoms as
, 1869 - Federal Republic of 17 States mainland.
- Separation of Church and State: prohibition to subsidize any cult.
- Fourth power, power relationship to maintain balance.
Measures to be tried:
- Agrarian Reform
- Establishment of working
- Jury mixed
employers and workers - Labour protection to children under 16 years. Was approved but not implemented.
Shortly before June, the AIT stated the general strike in Alcoy (higher wages and shorter working hours). Fails for the troops. In Barcelona, \u200b\u200bproclaiming a general strike in support of Alcoy. The internationalists are not decided by the revolutionary general strike. The Carlist are active in the Basque Country, Catalonia and the Mastership. July 16 Carlos VII enters España.es July hardliners separate from the courts. Ask the republic from below, the free formation of cantons, which later merged into the English Federation. Formed in Madrid Public Health Committee, from where he encouraged the formation of cantons. The insurrection broke out on July 12 in Cartagena. The canton. Pi and Margall resigns. Cantonal
Seville, Cadiz, Granada, Murcia, Castellon ... The social cantonalists were a conglomerate composed of artisans, shopkeepers, employees and Republicans led by federal, disappointed by the lack of agility and Margall Pi government. In Cartagena the cantonalists up a provisional government of the English Federation, chaired by Roque Barcia. It is also the time of the Constitution Andaluza No. 1 in Antequera.
3.2. R é public unit.
July 18, the court appoints Nicolas Salmeron, Krausist, president of the republic. Problems remain:
-To quell the cantons the army and Civil Guard. The Republican Army is not going to lift Martínez Campos and Pavia in Andalucia. Salmon close the headquarters of the international unions and arrested the militants. Resigning just attacked by repression.
- Carlismo in the Basque Country, Catalonia and the Maestrazgo
- The War
CASTELAR Cuba, raises the unitary Republic, order, authority and government. Has little support: radicals and constitutionalists. Use a non-republican military. Get special powers that give the Courts:
- rule by decree, suspending constitutional guarantees, crop liberties, especially press.
- Dissolves Volunteers
Republic - Resets the fifth
- Rehabilitate the military orders. Shoot
cantonalism except Cartagena. But not with Carlismo, which still makes forays into Basin, Aragon and Valencia, with games in Castile, Asturias, Galicia and Andalusia. In Cuba, arrest of an American ship Virginia Tornado, corvette. Accused of smuggling to his crew and shot. U.S. threatens war.
Castelar opposition to the republican left. Pi y Maragall. Courts withdraw its confidence from the executive, leading back to the federal republic. The military are not happy. Pavia dissolves the National Assembly with the Guardia Civil. Just there was resistance, which demonstrates the weakness of the Republic, for some too much and others too little. Takes over the new interim government of General Serrano, trying to stabilize the regime. On December 29, 1874 Sagunto pronounce Martínez Campos proclaimed as King Alfonso XII, son Elizabeth II.
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