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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (V)

Canto XV, verses 390-405

"While Achaeans and Trojans were fighting about the wall, away from the ships, remained in the tent Patroclus Bravo Eurypylus, entertaining him with his conversation and spreading herbs over his wound serious drugs that alleviated his pain. But, seeing that the Trojans attacked the wall with a vengeance and clamoring and leakage between the Achaeans, groaned, and, down the arms, beat his thighs, he sighed and said:

PATROCLUS. - Full length! I can not go here, if you need me, because he has fought a great battle. Squire take care of you, and I hurried back to the tent of Achilles to induce him to fight. Who know if with the help of some god persuade him A man does the advice of a friend. "

The Trojans have come to the ships of the Greeks and will attack them. Patroclus is still in the shop full length and said that "incite Achilles to fight." After two verses repeated Nestor had said earlier. Makes his Patroclus.

After that Patroclus leaves the shop and goes in search of Achilles.

Canto XVI, verses 1-46

"This ship fought for many banks. Achilles Patroclus appeared, pastor of men, shedding hot tears pouring source deep dark waters of sheer rock. As soon as he saw Achilles, light-footed, had compassion on him and said, Aeneas

ACHILLES .- Why are you crying, Patroclus, like a child that goes with your mother and wanting to take it in his arms, pulling the dress, although it stops in a hurry, and looks at her with tearful eyes to be lifted off the ground? Like her, O Patroclus, tender tears spill. Are you coming to join something the Myrmidons or to myself? Did you hear any news yourself Phthia? Menecio say, the son of actors, there still; Eácida also lives among the Myrmidons Peleus, and the death of that or what more he might afflict us. Or perhaps weeping because the Argives perish, near the ships, for the injustice committed? Speaking, I do not hide what you think, for we both know.

drew a deep sigh, and answered, knight Patroclus:

PATROCLUS. - Oh Achilles son of Peleus, the bravest of Achaean Do not fret, because it is so large that the overwhelming grief. Those who once were the strongest, hurt each other near and far, lie in the ships, was wounded with a weapon the mighty Diomed, with the pike Ulysses, famous for his spear, and Agamemnon, at full length in flecháronle thigh, and doctors who know a lot of drugs, ocúpanse in wounds heal them. You, Achilles, are ruthless. Never take hold of me as you keep grudges! Oh you who so badly employ the value! Who can be useful later if not now save the Argives undignified death? Ruthless! It was not your father Peleus rider, or your mother Thetis, the glaucous sea and the cliffs must have engendrarte, because your spirit is cruel. If you left off fighting for a prediction that your honored mother, aware of Zeus, you have revealed, send me to the other Myrmidons, for if I become the dawn of the salvation of the Achaeans, and allows to cover my shoulders with armor for the Trojans confuse me with you and cease fighting, the warring Dana are so beaten down and not wake up the battle may, albeit briefly. Us that we are not exhausted by fatigue, easily reject it ships and stores to the city to those men who are tired of fighting. " Patroclus

get very excited at the tent of Achilles to convince her to return to battle. Patroclus comes crying (moved), and Achilles worry about it. Patroclus repeats what was said by Nestor and Achilles then repressed. Called ruthless and goes with him. Keep repeating what was said by Nestor and even repeats the idea that Nestor had: he let his men and armor.

Canto XVI, lines 46-100: Response to Achilles Nestor plan

"So I begged the very foolish, and thus called the terrible Death and the Grim Reaper. Achilles, light-footed, he answered very indignant

ACHILLES .- Alas, Patroclus, a descendant of Zeus, what you said! I refrain from any prediction that you know and his mother were not told me anything from Zeus, but I pressed the heart and soul when a man because he has more power, want to deprive her just what belongs and takes the reward. Such is the great regret I have, because of the difficulties that my mind has suffered. The girl claimed that the Achaeans as a reward and I had conquered my sword, taking a sack the city, King Agamemnon son of Atreus me took it as if I was a vagrant. But so be it, you can not always keep the anger in his heart, but had decided not to lay down the anger until the screaming and fighting to reach my ships. Cover your shoulders with my armor, get in front of the warlike Myrmidons and bring them to the fight, since dark cloud of Trojans and the ships about momentum, and the Argives, penned in by the sea, have only a short space. The entire city of Troy has appeared with confidence, because they see my shiny helmet. Soon flee the trenches filled with dead, if the king Agamemnon was just me, but now fighting about our military. And Diomed hand not wielding his spear furiously to rid the Danaan of death, nor have I heard a cry that came from the hated head of Agamemnon: only echo the voice of Hector, killer of men, encouraging Trojans , which fill the whole plain shouting and defeat in the battle to the Achaeans. But you, Patroclus, lean brashly upon them and the ships that plague lest hitting the ships fire it, away from us to return. Do whatever I'll tell you, that gives me great honor to all the Achaeans, and they give me back the very beautiful young lady and make me rich gifts. As soon as the move away from the ships, come back again and although the thundering husband of Hera give you glory, not without me want to fight against the warlike Trojans, for help to my shame. And there, spurred by the war and battle, leads you, killing enemies, Troy, lest any of the Olympian gods have lower because the Trojans fond Apollo, which hurts far. Recedes as soon as you have done to shine the light of salvation in the ships, and let it continue fighting on the plain. Hopefully, father Zeus, Athena, Apollo, none of the Trojans and the Argives escape from death, and we get rid of it two of us, so we can tear down the sacred battlements of Troy. "

Achilles

censor insists Agamemnon's abusive behavior. Patroclus tells you can get his armor and takes the Myrmidons. But he, Achilles, still in their heels and will not go into battle. There is a concession, Achilles will not because that would ignore the offense of Agamemnon. However, orders his men encouraging them to get fully involved. Is not indifferent to what is happening.

Achilles also give some advice to Patroclus (from verse 85). He said that as the Trojans back off let them go, not persecute them.

Canto XVI, lines 200-211

"ACHILLES. - Myrmidons! None of you forget the threats that the ships dirigíais the Trojans the days of my anger, and accusations that all incriminate me, "Inflexible son of Peleus! No doubt your mother fed with gall. Ruthless, they hold fast to your companions in the ships against their will! Embark on ships of the ponto furrow and return to the motherland, as the deadly cholera nested in such a way in your heart. "So when I used to speak reuníais. As the light have the great feats of arms that you both wanted. And now each courageous fight with heart against the Trojans. "

Achilles encouraged his men, they remember what they have said against Achilles and what they have shouted to the Trojans as they watched the match. The anger is gone and compassion has earned everything that field.

In the following verses

Patroclus, intoxicated by victory, will ignore the advice of Achilles and that will lead to death. If the match is favorable, there is a destructive inertia that the hero can not stop. Patroclus is not at all an impulsive character, but can not control this trend. Once in the battle Patroclus blinded by the visible victory, as had happened before Hector.

The difference between offensive and defensive war war there. The logic of war, especially if it is a logical winner, leads to a spiral of violence. This spiral of violence does not end with the death of Patroclus as Achilles returns to battle to avenge him (if for no other reason).

Achilles IX In the song into question the claimed heroic death and life. Even death to all. After the death of Patroclus change that consideration of the death to life itself. What will be at the center now will be what affects one's own life death of a loved one. Think of death from the perspective of life.

There are thus two positions:

"Death as the end of life of its own, impervious to the death of others.

"Death of a loved one where you live. Makes the individual sensitive to pain than people can receive after the death of a loved one. (This will enable the Achilles last song I cried with Priam, are recognized as people who suffer the death of a loved one, something that is more profound criticism of Homer in all of Belize).

Canto XVI, lines 433-462

"ZEUS .- Alas! The skinny provides that Sarpedon, whom I love above all men, is killed by Patroclus Menoetius. Vacillates between two purposes in my chest the heart: to catch him live in the mourning war, to take him to the fertile land of Lycia or let him now fall into the hands of Menoetius?

Hera answered Priam, the eye of heifer:

HERA. - Terribilísimo son of Kronos, what talking about? "Once again want to get rid of the dreadful death to mortal man, whom fate has long been condemned to die? Do it, but not all the gods will approve it. Another thing I will tell you, and lay in memory: He thinks that if you send Sarpedon safely to his palace, some other god want to get her son out of battle, as many sons of gods fighting round the big city Priam, and his parents will do every one jealous. But if you are fond of her compassion and your heart, let it die at the hands of Patroclus Menoetius in fierce combat, and when the soul and life leaving him, send Death and sweet dream to take you to the vast Licia so that his brothers and friends and we do erect a memorial mound and pillar, such are the honors due the dead.

So said. The father of gods and men assented, and made a land fall on the bloody drops to honor the beloved son, whom Patroclus was about to kill in the fertile Troy, far from their homeland. "

The gods have no power to save an individual death, because if the gods intervene to save the life of someone, break the man-gods and the gods would want to intervene to save his proteges. I read the book Hera to Zeus. Neither Zeus can save lives indiscriminately.

Patroclus rides over the Trojans and Hector, led by Zeus, will flee for refuge. In the death of Patroclus himself to intervene Apollo, which encourages Hector to continue fighting.

Canto XVI, lines 692-745

"What was the first and who last killed, O Patroclus, when the gods called to death?

were first Adrastus, Autonoe, Equeclo, Perim Mégada, Epístor and Melanippus, and then Elas Mulius and Pylartes. He killed them, and the others fled.

then the Achaeans would have taken Troy, the lofty gates of the hands of Patroclus, who ran with great fury spear, if Apollo had not been placed in the well-built tower for damage to it and help the Trojans. Thrice did Patroclus charge at an angle of the high wall, and thrice did Apollo, shaking hands with the bright immortal shield. And when, like a god, he attacked a fourth time, the deity increpóle terribly with winged words:

APOLO .- Retire, Patroclus the lineage of Zeus! Fate has ordained that the city of the proud Trojans from being destroyed by your spear, or by Achilles, who both leads you.

So he spoke, and Patroclus fell a long way, so as not to incur the wrath of Apollo, which strikes from afar.

Hector was with the carriage and the horses from the gates Scaean, and was undecided whether to lead them back to the mob and go on fighting, or voices to send troops take refuge in the wall . While pondering this, presentósele Phoebus Apollo, who took the figure of the brave young Asio, who was the maternal uncle of Hector, tamer of horses, brother of Hecuba's son Dymas, and dwelt in Phrygia, near the current Sangarius. Thus transformed, "said Apollo, son of Zeus:

APOLO. - Hector Why you left off fighting? You must not. I wish you both bravely overcome, how I am inferior, then I would withdraw from the fateful battle. But come, guide the horses of hard helmets towards Patroclus, if you can kill him and give glory to Apollo.

In saying this, God turned into battle. But Hector sent Cebríones that stung the horses and go to the fight, and Apollo, entering through the crowd, raised among the Argives deadly turmoil and gave glory to Hector and the Trojans. Hector let the other Achaeans, and it was not to kill them, and straightened Patroclus drives horses hooves. Patroclus, in turn, sprang from his chariot to the ground with the spear on the left, took with his right hand a white stone and bristling with tips that filled his hand, and to lie in the ground, threw it, wounding a combatant then because the shot did not go vain given the sharp stone in front of Cebríones, charioteer of Hector, who was the bastard son of the famous Priam, and then ruled the reins of the horses. The stone was both eyebrows, the bone does not resist, his eyes fell in the dust at the feet of Cebríones, and this, as if it were a diver, the seat fell well built, because the life went of its members. And making fun of him, O knight Patroclus, exclaiming

PATROCLUS .- Oh gods! Very agile is the man! How easily jump to the diver! If he were in the ponto, abundant fish, that man would jump ship, although the sea was stormy, and could have fed many people with oysters fished. With so easily have given the truck to flip the plain! No doubt the Trojans also are divers. "

Patroclus over the line, crosses the boundary according to the convention. Once you kill the other end the fighting, there is no further persecution. The fighting has limits. Patroclus goes from cruel to laugh at his victim. It is the most infamous villainy. Above is a cruel death. In war, the heroic glory infamous villainy is only a step. This is a picture of a very unheroic hero. Then there will be a fierce battle around the body. This is because it has killed you deprive him of the funeral by subtracting the body. No funeral, no glory. Patroclus is moving to deny the victim his "eternal life" (his everlasting glory.)

Canto XVI, lines 751-765

"In saying this, ran to the hero with the impetuosity of a lion that while attacking the stables until he is shot in the chest and killed him the same value, of Similarly, O Patroclus, I threw on Cebríones inflamed. Hector, meanwhile, jumped from the car to the ground without giving up arms. And they two battled around Cebríones like two hungry lions at the top of a hill furious fight for the body of a deer, and the two mighty warriors, Patroclus and Hector Menoetius, wanted to hurt each other with the pitiless bronze . Hector had taken the him by the head and not let go, Patroclus kept fast hold of his foot, and the other Trojans and Achaeans fierce fight raged. "

The body becomes the "prey" by Patroclus and Hector fighting, the two heroes as less violent attitude. Vanish those "heroic deeds", it occupies all violence in war and do not have any control. The heroes are described as lions, ie animals. From here on out every time a hero to behave like a beast pass this. The heroes pass bestiality when baited with dead bodies fallen enemies.

Canto XVI, lines 830-843

"HECTOR .- Patroclus! We certainly hope to destroy our city, make captive Trojan women and take them on the ships to your own land. Fool Hector's fleet horses flying into battle to defend them and I, who manage the pike excel amongst the warlike Trojans, apart from my day of slavery, while the vultures will eat you. Ah, unhappy! Or Achilles, to be brave, you have helped. When you left the ships, where he has been, must make many recommendations, and talk in this way: "Do not come back to the ships, knight Patroclus, before breaking the shell that surrounds the chest of Hector, killer of men, tainted blood." So I said, no doubt, and thou, O fool, you left to persuade. "

Hector kills Patroclus. Before I die Hector says he has left to persuade by Achilles, but Achilles really would advise the opposite. They also highlight the image of Achilles. Hector is the image of "old" Achilles. Here it is stressed that Achilles is prudent now, against the image people have of him. Now it is prudent because it values \u200b\u200blife. Death of Patroclus you will feel tremendous pain Achilles, who no longer want to live, want to die.

Hector Patroclus also laughs when he has fallen, as he did before and how will Achilles after the corpse of Hector. Warlike action does not stop when the enemy falls, it should be. There is a relentlessness to the bodies. The worst thing for it is not receiving funeral rites, and Hector tells Patroclus to be fed to the vultures, that is, you do not have funeral.

Hector will prime the body of Patroclus, is something that is never shown in the heroic epic but really happens in war. It is a dehumanization of the heroes because of the violence of war.

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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (IV)

Canto XI, verses 596-618

"followed, then fighting with flaming fire, and meanwhile Neleo mares, covered with sweat, they took the fight and Machaon Nestor shepherd of his people. Acknowledged to last the Achilles, light-footed, that from the stern of the ship looked enormous and deplorable defeat the great escape, and then called from the ship, Patroclus, his companion, he heard this, and similar Ares, left the store. This was the origin of his misfortune. The brave son of Menecio spoke first, saying

PATROCLUS. - Why do you call me, Achilles? Need Me?

answered Achilles light-footed:

ACHILLES. - Divine Menoetius, dearest to my heart! Now I hope that the Achaeans come and pray to and worship at my feet, because it's not bearable that are necessary. But he sees Patroclus, dear to Zeus, and ask Nestor who is out of the combat wounded. On the back is very similar to the Asclepias Machaon, but did not see his face, because the mares, eager for swift action, passed quickly by my side.

So said. Patroclus did as his dear friend and ran to the tents and ships of the Achaeans. "

Achilles is detached from the fight, but still emotionally tied to their peers, so when he sees wounded hurts. They are taking the wounded from combat and Achilles Machaon believed to have seen (which is a friend of his).

The most important sentence of this passage is: "This was the origin of his misfortune." Achilles Patroclus asks to go see if Machaon the wounded. Patroclus will go to the store to test and Nestor Nestor invited to sit. Patroclus and Nestor will be denied a new, long parliament.

Canto XI, verses 656-804: Parliament of Nestor

"NESTOR. - How is that Achilles of the Achaeans may be wounded? Do not know what misery is engulfing the army! The strongest, wounded each other from afar up close and lie in the aisles. With weapon was wounded Diomedes Tydeus powerful, with the pike, Ulysses, famous for his spear, and Agamemnon, at full length flecháronle in the thigh, and just take the fight to this one, also wounded by an arrow fired a bow . But Achilles, despite his courage, or care of the damage or pities them. "Wait just in case that the ships are devoured by enemy fire in the sea without the Argives to prevent it, and one after the other succumb all? And the force of my agile members is not the same as before. I wish I was still young and strong as when the war between Elis and lifted us for stealing oxen Itimoneo killed, the brave Hiperóquida, who lived in Elis, and retaliate! Itimoneo defense of his cows, but fell to the ground among the first wounded by a dart thrown my hand, and the other villagers fled in terror. We drove a splendid booty, fifty herds, as many flocks sheep, as many herds of pigs, spreading flocks of goats and one hundred fifty mares berries, many with their foals. That night we took him to Pylos Neleo city, and he rejoiced that I corresponded a great deal, despite being so young when I went to combat. At daybreak the heralds loudly to submit all those to whom God had something in Elis, and warlords Pylians divide the spoils. With many of us were in the Epeans debt, because, as in Pylos were few, they offended us, and in previous years had been his strong Heracles, we abused and killed the principal citizens. Of the twelve children of Neleo blameless, but I alone was left; all others perished. The Epeans cocky in brazen armor, by such facts, insulted us and hatched against us wicked acciones. Neleo The old man then took a herd of cattle and other large goat, choosing three hundred of them with their pastors for the huge debt was raised on divine Elis, had sent four horses, winners of previous games, yoked to a cart, for the Award of the race, which consisted of a tripod, and Augean, king of men, stayed with them and dismissed the coachman, who was sad about what happened. Indignation such insults and actions, the old man chose a lot and gave the rest to the people, directing that it be circulated and that no one could see his full share private. Made the deal, the city offered sacrifices to the gods .- Three days later there were many Epeans with footed horses carts and all the army assembled, and among his warriors were both Molion, who were children then and had not shown even their prowess. There is a town called Trioesa, on top of a hill adjacent to

Alpheus, in the borders of sandy Pylos: the Epeans want to destroy it and besieged. But so had crossed the plain, Athena rushed in from Olympus that night a messenger, to take up arms, not found in Pylos an indolent people, because we all felt strong desire to fight. To me Neleo not let me wear the weapon and hid my horses, not sufficient information for keeping me in the things of war. And with all that, excelled, with the infant, including ours, who fought in chariots, because Athena was it decided in this way battle. There is a river named Minieo, which flows into the sea near Arene: a11í the leaders of the Pylians await the divine Aurora appeared, and poured as infants. Meeting all the armor and dressed, marched, reaching noon to the sacred waters of the Alpheus. We made beautiful sacrifice to almighty Zeus, sacrificed a bull to Alpheus, another to Neptune and a gregarious cow to Athena, the owl's eye; dinner without breaking ranks, and slept, with the armor, on the banks of river. The narrowed Epeans the siege of the city, eager to destroy it before they do a great action filed Ares. When the sun came shining overhead, we lock the battle, after praying to Zeus and Athena. And in the battle of the pili with the Epeans, was the first to kill a man, the warlike Mulius, horses from which I took. Was this Augean son, being married Agamedes blonde, the eldest daughter, who knew how many drugs produces the vast land. And, approaching him, the spear pierced him, dropped him in the dust, I jumped in his car and took my place in the front ranks. The Epeans fled in disorder, in terror of seeing on the ground the man who commanded the fighting in cars and so strong was in the battle. Throw me to them like a dark whirlwind, taking fifty chariots, slain by my spear and bit the dust at the two warriors that each came, and had killed them both Molion Actorión, if his father, the mighty Poseidon, the earth moves , had not saved, wrapping in thick fog and out of the fight. Zeus then gave the Pylians a great victory. Chased them far over the plain, killing the men and armor picking up our horses carried us Buprasium, rich in wheat, the rock Olene and Alesio, the site called Hill, where Athena was the army again. There I slew the last man I killed. When the Achaeans went from Buprasium rapid steeds to Pylos and gave thanks to Jove among the gods and Nestor among men. Such was I among the warriors, if all this has been a dream .- But the Achilles' value will be used only himself, and I think it to be great when the army her tears should perish. Oh man! Menecio to placed an order the day it is sent from Phthia Agamemnon, were inside the palace, and Odysseus me and hear as it was commissioned. We then were recruiting troops in the fertile Achaia, had come to the house of Peleus well populated, we find the hero Menecio, you and Achilles. Peleus, the old knight in the backyard burning fat thighs of oxen in honor of Zeus, who delights in thunder, and with a golden cup black wine poured on the burning flame of sacrifice, while you prepare meat steak. We stopped in the lobby, Achilles rose surprised, and taking us by the hand he introduced us, sat us down and gave us presents of hospitality, as is customary with outsiders. We met for drinks and food appetite, and began to exhort you to join us, we both longed for and your parents gave you plenty of advice. The old Peleus bade his son Achilles who always excel and stand out from others, and in turn Menecio, son of actor advised him thus: "My son! Achilles leads you to their ancestry, but you surpass him in age, it is much stronger, but make him cautious warnings Instruct them and admonish them to obey you for your own good. "This is advised the elderly, and you forget. But even now, say the warrior Achilles and if he will listen. Who knows if with the help of some god would stir your heart? It is good to take a friend. And if it fails to fight for a prophecy that his mother, aware of Zeus, has revealed that at least sent you the other Myrmidons, if you become the dawn of salvation of the Danaan, and permitted lead in combating its armor for the Trojans may mistake you for him and cease fighting, the brave Achaeans are so beaten down that he revived, and the battle may, albeit briefly. Ye ye are not exhausted by fatigue, might easily ships and tents to the city to those men who are tired of fighting. "

Nestor move to try to influence Achilles Patroclus. Start making a customized list of the wounded Greek. Then he has exploits, aimed at persuading Achilles, as the deeds show that they were made to favor men. Instead of the value of Achilles, Nestor said, only draw Achilles himself. Nestor reminds him of what his father told him (the father of Patroclus, Menecio) said that Achilles wisely advises. He is remembered for try to convince him. He said that if Achilles does not fight, at least send his soldiers (Myrmidons) and to leave your armor to Patroclus for Achilles confuse enemies. Is a solution that allows Achilles maintain their honor, while, do something for his friends.

This parliament moved to Patroclus as the poem continues: "So he said, and moved the heart within the chest."

Canto XI, verses 816-849

"PATROCLUS - O unhappy princes and the Achaeans! So you ought at Troy, far from friends and native land, to satisfy your fat to agile dogs! But tell me, full length hero, student of Zeus: Can the Achaeans hold great Hector in the attack, or will they overcome by his spear?

Eurypylus wounded answered:

Eurypylus - Patroclus, a descendant of Zeus! There will be no defense to the Achaeans who are to take refuge on ships. How were the bravest here lie in their ships, wounded each other closely and distantly by the hand of the Trojans, whose strength is increasing. But save me taking me to the ship he cut out the arrow of the thigh, wash with warm water the black blood flowing from the wound and put me in her soothing and salutary drug that they say you Achilles unveiled, educated by Chiron, Fairest of the centaurs. For of the physicians, and Machaon Podalirius, the one I think that is wounded in his tent, and in turn needs a good doctor, and the other holding live combat in the Trojan plain.

replied the brave son of Menecio:

PATROCLUS - How will it end? What do hero Eurypylus? Going to say to noble Achilles from Nestor gerenio, protector of the Achaeans, he charged me, but I will not let so overwhelmed by grief.

said, and, taking the men's pastor at the chest, and led him to the store. The servant, when he saw him, spread furs on the ground beef. He laid him at full length and pulled thigh with a dagger, sharp arrow, and, after washing with warm water the blood, sprinkled the wound with a bitter herb, rubbing it previously had crumbled by hand. The root calmed him all the pain, the wound dried up and the blood stopped flowing. "

When Patroclus back to the ships of Achilles, he meets another wounded: full length. Patroclus remains to care for him. This will show the sensitivity to the suffering of others of Patroclus.

Thus ends the Canto XI, when the Greeks things are worse than ever.

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The attempt democratic revolution: The revolutionary six years (1868-1874).


Text comment


The text we will discuss is the beginning of the Glorious Revolution of 1868. To better understand the significance of this document should be recalled briefly the events that led to the revolutionary upheaval.

The tumultuous reign of Queen Elizabeth II begins at the age of three years, with a legitimacy problem that confronts his uncle Carlos María Isidro. It brings together around to the most conservative and supporter of the ancien regime are called Carlist, who will star in a civil war in several stages. Carlism leaves no option to Elizabeth II and her mother, the regent Maria Cristina, to take refuge in the Liberals. The mood of both the ruler and your daughter is not very liberal, so consistently granted the power to more moderate liberals. Hence, instead of a constitution, Maria Cristina instruct de la Rosa a true charter granted as was the Royal Charter. As Julien said, progressives are out of power and denied normal access to the political system, so more and more aware that the only way to reach decision making positions is through the delivery or revolution. In fact only form government after the revolt or the threat of one. Specifically

the reign of Elizabeth II from 1856 will be a period of relative calm, ie a series of moderate governments emerged from the O'Donnell and Narvaez alliance. Relative calm broken by a series of statements as the failed General Prim in 1864 (Villarejo de Salvanes), which had to flee to Portugal. O the rising of the Sergeants in the barracks of San Gil, which ended in a cruel repression. San Gil events led to the fall of O'Donnell Narváez taking a position that allowed a dictatorial government mood, very much in Isabel II and own some extent the Old Regime.

were problems of economic and social problems in the industry, monetary and rail. Are the years which is passed on equity of R Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution, from steam to electricity, the steel industry to the chemical, prosperous small industries, a business concentration. Implies exhaustion of the economic model that had brought to power the moderates and that they were concerned to maintain. Financial crisis, which bankrupted half of the banks. Also coincides with a crisis of livelihoods caused by crop failure, which is still affecting Spain. Yet, this country remains largely rural, which has resulted in a sharp increase in mortality. Social sectors mired in a general discontent provoked peasant revolts, military unrest and student protests as the night of St. Daniel in which students protested on behalf of professors as Emilio Castelar, apart from their chairs.

In August 1866 together Democrats and progressives in Belgium and reach the Covenant of Ostend, which undertake to overthrow Elizabeth II. Proposed universal male suffrage to elect a constituent assembly that would elect the form of government, whether monarchy or republic. Unionists, after the disappearance of O'Donnell also joined the pact with General Serrano, a supporter of the monarchy.

's death Narváez in 1866 left the crown in crisis. Bravo Gonzalez presided over the government until September, to take measures of repression and political and general banishing suspects. In this situation, the revolutionary preparations reached maturity in September 1868, when the Queen was enjoying the summer in San Sebastian. General Prim embarked in London bound for Cadiz, while a ship sailed for the Canary Islands to pick up there exiled General (Serrano, Sweet, Zabala, etc.). In Cadiz, the fleet, under Admiral Juan Bautista Topete awaiting orders. When he arrived Prim, 21 guns fired from the fleet, the country announced the dethronement Elizabeth II and is released on September 19 proclamation that concerns us. The Glorious Revolution had begun.

The Revolution of 1868 had some special features, so it was called "Glorious." Not only have produced a dethroning, which was important for more democratic liberalism, but because it meant more than a simple statement. We have to compare it perhaps with the revolutionary wave of 1848 by the social component. The Covenant of Ostend were representatives of the three parties oposicón: Unionists, liberals and Democrats who agreed to "destroy everything that exists in high places, but not directly advocated the republic.

This uncertainty is also manifest Topete. In fact, most of the text attempts to justify the lifting, appealing to the dignity of citizens, but does not develop a political agenda. The proclamation is published in the Gaceta de Madrid days later. Topete reported that its survey has the support of the Navy anchored in Cádiz, but more important is that advocates for sure that it represents the general will of the English. This is the general principle of any statement. The force of arms acquired its legitimacy, not the power under the fighting, but that is the symbol of the general will. The weapons are always a interim solution "until the nation recovers its sovereignty, stating his intention, and compliance."

Most Topete document serves to develop their own injustices of the reign of Isabel II. The reasons why only guns can return to the national sovereignty are exposed in the following way: the Constitution, ie the fundamental law serves the interests of a social group, so that citizens feel threatened. It's "trap" because it serves as a trap, legitimizes the power of this group to advocate as a representative of the nation. It is also alleged the conditions of the franchise, managed for always serve the party in government. But This corruption not only reaches the act of voting, but is general. This is the complaint of progressive liberals who can not gain power through legitimate means. Another

progressive aspirations is to give autonomy to municipalities, as had been attempted in the 1837 Constitution, which was gradually disappearing without being fulfilled. Parliamentary control of finance is also a security against the corruption of the administration and finance.

Education is also a workhorse of the progressives, especially after the tragic events that separated the river or Castelar Sanz their chairs, and caused the student uprising. Another battleground is the press, muzzled by their own deposits. Progressives had no legal means to disseminate their ideas, neither education nor the press.

The nature of social and economic protest movement is also evident with the complaint of the new wealth created under the moderates: "fortunes improvised", "defraud the public purse" ... In an environment of economic change, economic transition, easy to circumvent the law is great, especially if those who profit are those who control the legislative chambers. Financial capitalism is unregulated, allowing these easy money, they have the approval of power.

Topete is not convinced by arguments of how damaging this way of acting of capitalism, but appeals to the basic sense, the rejection of injustice, honor ...

Crown's role was essential in the political and institutional development of the reign of Isabel II. For the moderates, the Crown has an essential role in the political game. And after harvest Cánovas, the Crown has a moderating role, therefore the sovereignty was shared. However, the queen did not make this authority an instrument of reconciliation, but abused it to ward off the Liberal government progressive and try to governments tended to authoritarianism to the extent that the other political forces are allowed. That's why so Topete speaks of respect for a common law and that they want "in charge of observing the Constitution," ie, the queen, "lest your irreconcilable enemy."

All Ostende political program reflected in the document is the creation of an interim government representing all political forms. In practice, this interim government will be chaired by Serrano and Juan Prim man is strong and the rest will be many of the signatories of the proclamation. Was also in the plan Ostend universal suffrage for the election of Constituent Assembly. This will be the way for social regeneration. Regeneration is a concept that will soon become famous.


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