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The Iliad: Textual Analysis (IV)

Canto XI, verses 596-618

"followed, then fighting with flaming fire, and meanwhile Neleo mares, covered with sweat, they took the fight and Machaon Nestor shepherd of his people. Acknowledged to last the Achilles, light-footed, that from the stern of the ship looked enormous and deplorable defeat the great escape, and then called from the ship, Patroclus, his companion, he heard this, and similar Ares, left the store. This was the origin of his misfortune. The brave son of Menecio spoke first, saying

PATROCLUS. - Why do you call me, Achilles? Need Me?

answered Achilles light-footed:

ACHILLES. - Divine Menoetius, dearest to my heart! Now I hope that the Achaeans come and pray to and worship at my feet, because it's not bearable that are necessary. But he sees Patroclus, dear to Zeus, and ask Nestor who is out of the combat wounded. On the back is very similar to the Asclepias Machaon, but did not see his face, because the mares, eager for swift action, passed quickly by my side.

So said. Patroclus did as his dear friend and ran to the tents and ships of the Achaeans. "

Achilles is detached from the fight, but still emotionally tied to their peers, so when he sees wounded hurts. They are taking the wounded from combat and Achilles Machaon believed to have seen (which is a friend of his).

The most important sentence of this passage is: "This was the origin of his misfortune." Achilles Patroclus asks to go see if Machaon the wounded. Patroclus will go to the store to test and Nestor Nestor invited to sit. Patroclus and Nestor will be denied a new, long parliament.

Canto XI, verses 656-804: Parliament of Nestor

"NESTOR. - How is that Achilles of the Achaeans may be wounded? Do not know what misery is engulfing the army! The strongest, wounded each other from afar up close and lie in the aisles. With weapon was wounded Diomedes Tydeus powerful, with the pike, Ulysses, famous for his spear, and Agamemnon, at full length flecháronle in the thigh, and just take the fight to this one, also wounded by an arrow fired a bow . But Achilles, despite his courage, or care of the damage or pities them. "Wait just in case that the ships are devoured by enemy fire in the sea without the Argives to prevent it, and one after the other succumb all? And the force of my agile members is not the same as before. I wish I was still young and strong as when the war between Elis and lifted us for stealing oxen Itimoneo killed, the brave Hiperóquida, who lived in Elis, and retaliate! Itimoneo defense of his cows, but fell to the ground among the first wounded by a dart thrown my hand, and the other villagers fled in terror. We drove a splendid booty, fifty herds, as many flocks sheep, as many herds of pigs, spreading flocks of goats and one hundred fifty mares berries, many with their foals. That night we took him to Pylos Neleo city, and he rejoiced that I corresponded a great deal, despite being so young when I went to combat. At daybreak the heralds loudly to submit all those to whom God had something in Elis, and warlords Pylians divide the spoils. With many of us were in the Epeans debt, because, as in Pylos were few, they offended us, and in previous years had been his strong Heracles, we abused and killed the principal citizens. Of the twelve children of Neleo blameless, but I alone was left; all others perished. The Epeans cocky in brazen armor, by such facts, insulted us and hatched against us wicked acciones. Neleo The old man then took a herd of cattle and other large goat, choosing three hundred of them with their pastors for the huge debt was raised on divine Elis, had sent four horses, winners of previous games, yoked to a cart, for the Award of the race, which consisted of a tripod, and Augean, king of men, stayed with them and dismissed the coachman, who was sad about what happened. Indignation such insults and actions, the old man chose a lot and gave the rest to the people, directing that it be circulated and that no one could see his full share private. Made the deal, the city offered sacrifices to the gods .- Three days later there were many Epeans with footed horses carts and all the army assembled, and among his warriors were both Molion, who were children then and had not shown even their prowess. There is a town called Trioesa, on top of a hill adjacent to

Alpheus, in the borders of sandy Pylos: the Epeans want to destroy it and besieged. But so had crossed the plain, Athena rushed in from Olympus that night a messenger, to take up arms, not found in Pylos an indolent people, because we all felt strong desire to fight. To me Neleo not let me wear the weapon and hid my horses, not sufficient information for keeping me in the things of war. And with all that, excelled, with the infant, including ours, who fought in chariots, because Athena was it decided in this way battle. There is a river named Minieo, which flows into the sea near Arene: a11í the leaders of the Pylians await the divine Aurora appeared, and poured as infants. Meeting all the armor and dressed, marched, reaching noon to the sacred waters of the Alpheus. We made beautiful sacrifice to almighty Zeus, sacrificed a bull to Alpheus, another to Neptune and a gregarious cow to Athena, the owl's eye; dinner without breaking ranks, and slept, with the armor, on the banks of river. The narrowed Epeans the siege of the city, eager to destroy it before they do a great action filed Ares. When the sun came shining overhead, we lock the battle, after praying to Zeus and Athena. And in the battle of the pili with the Epeans, was the first to kill a man, the warlike Mulius, horses from which I took. Was this Augean son, being married Agamedes blonde, the eldest daughter, who knew how many drugs produces the vast land. And, approaching him, the spear pierced him, dropped him in the dust, I jumped in his car and took my place in the front ranks. The Epeans fled in disorder, in terror of seeing on the ground the man who commanded the fighting in cars and so strong was in the battle. Throw me to them like a dark whirlwind, taking fifty chariots, slain by my spear and bit the dust at the two warriors that each came, and had killed them both Molion Actorión, if his father, the mighty Poseidon, the earth moves , had not saved, wrapping in thick fog and out of the fight. Zeus then gave the Pylians a great victory. Chased them far over the plain, killing the men and armor picking up our horses carried us Buprasium, rich in wheat, the rock Olene and Alesio, the site called Hill, where Athena was the army again. There I slew the last man I killed. When the Achaeans went from Buprasium rapid steeds to Pylos and gave thanks to Jove among the gods and Nestor among men. Such was I among the warriors, if all this has been a dream .- But the Achilles' value will be used only himself, and I think it to be great when the army her tears should perish. Oh man! Menecio to placed an order the day it is sent from Phthia Agamemnon, were inside the palace, and Odysseus me and hear as it was commissioned. We then were recruiting troops in the fertile Achaia, had come to the house of Peleus well populated, we find the hero Menecio, you and Achilles. Peleus, the old knight in the backyard burning fat thighs of oxen in honor of Zeus, who delights in thunder, and with a golden cup black wine poured on the burning flame of sacrifice, while you prepare meat steak. We stopped in the lobby, Achilles rose surprised, and taking us by the hand he introduced us, sat us down and gave us presents of hospitality, as is customary with outsiders. We met for drinks and food appetite, and began to exhort you to join us, we both longed for and your parents gave you plenty of advice. The old Peleus bade his son Achilles who always excel and stand out from others, and in turn Menecio, son of actor advised him thus: "My son! Achilles leads you to their ancestry, but you surpass him in age, it is much stronger, but make him cautious warnings Instruct them and admonish them to obey you for your own good. "This is advised the elderly, and you forget. But even now, say the warrior Achilles and if he will listen. Who knows if with the help of some god would stir your heart? It is good to take a friend. And if it fails to fight for a prophecy that his mother, aware of Zeus, has revealed that at least sent you the other Myrmidons, if you become the dawn of salvation of the Danaan, and permitted lead in combating its armor for the Trojans may mistake you for him and cease fighting, the brave Achaeans are so beaten down that he revived, and the battle may, albeit briefly. Ye ye are not exhausted by fatigue, might easily ships and tents to the city to those men who are tired of fighting. "

Nestor move to try to influence Achilles Patroclus. Start making a customized list of the wounded Greek. Then he has exploits, aimed at persuading Achilles, as the deeds show that they were made to favor men. Instead of the value of Achilles, Nestor said, only draw Achilles himself. Nestor reminds him of what his father told him (the father of Patroclus, Menecio) said that Achilles wisely advises. He is remembered for try to convince him. He said that if Achilles does not fight, at least send his soldiers (Myrmidons) and to leave your armor to Patroclus for Achilles confuse enemies. Is a solution that allows Achilles maintain their honor, while, do something for his friends.

This parliament moved to Patroclus as the poem continues: "So he said, and moved the heart within the chest."

Canto XI, verses 816-849

"PATROCLUS - O unhappy princes and the Achaeans! So you ought at Troy, far from friends and native land, to satisfy your fat to agile dogs! But tell me, full length hero, student of Zeus: Can the Achaeans hold great Hector in the attack, or will they overcome by his spear?

Eurypylus wounded answered:

Eurypylus - Patroclus, a descendant of Zeus! There will be no defense to the Achaeans who are to take refuge on ships. How were the bravest here lie in their ships, wounded each other closely and distantly by the hand of the Trojans, whose strength is increasing. But save me taking me to the ship he cut out the arrow of the thigh, wash with warm water the black blood flowing from the wound and put me in her soothing and salutary drug that they say you Achilles unveiled, educated by Chiron, Fairest of the centaurs. For of the physicians, and Machaon Podalirius, the one I think that is wounded in his tent, and in turn needs a good doctor, and the other holding live combat in the Trojan plain.

replied the brave son of Menecio:

PATROCLUS - How will it end? What do hero Eurypylus? Going to say to noble Achilles from Nestor gerenio, protector of the Achaeans, he charged me, but I will not let so overwhelmed by grief.

said, and, taking the men's pastor at the chest, and led him to the store. The servant, when he saw him, spread furs on the ground beef. He laid him at full length and pulled thigh with a dagger, sharp arrow, and, after washing with warm water the blood, sprinkled the wound with a bitter herb, rubbing it previously had crumbled by hand. The root calmed him all the pain, the wound dried up and the blood stopped flowing. "

When Patroclus back to the ships of Achilles, he meets another wounded: full length. Patroclus remains to care for him. This will show the sensitivity to the suffering of others of Patroclus.

Thus ends the Canto XI, when the Greeks things are worse than ever.

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The attempt democratic revolution: The revolutionary six years (1868-1874).


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The text we will discuss is the beginning of the Glorious Revolution of 1868. To better understand the significance of this document should be recalled briefly the events that led to the revolutionary upheaval.

The tumultuous reign of Queen Elizabeth II begins at the age of three years, with a legitimacy problem that confronts his uncle Carlos María Isidro. It brings together around to the most conservative and supporter of the ancien regime are called Carlist, who will star in a civil war in several stages. Carlism leaves no option to Elizabeth II and her mother, the regent Maria Cristina, to take refuge in the Liberals. The mood of both the ruler and your daughter is not very liberal, so consistently granted the power to more moderate liberals. Hence, instead of a constitution, Maria Cristina instruct de la Rosa a true charter granted as was the Royal Charter. As Julien said, progressives are out of power and denied normal access to the political system, so more and more aware that the only way to reach decision making positions is through the delivery or revolution. In fact only form government after the revolt or the threat of one. Specifically

the reign of Elizabeth II from 1856 will be a period of relative calm, ie a series of moderate governments emerged from the O'Donnell and Narvaez alliance. Relative calm broken by a series of statements as the failed General Prim in 1864 (Villarejo de Salvanes), which had to flee to Portugal. O the rising of the Sergeants in the barracks of San Gil, which ended in a cruel repression. San Gil events led to the fall of O'Donnell Narváez taking a position that allowed a dictatorial government mood, very much in Isabel II and own some extent the Old Regime.

were problems of economic and social problems in the industry, monetary and rail. Are the years which is passed on equity of R Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution, from steam to electricity, the steel industry to the chemical, prosperous small industries, a business concentration. Implies exhaustion of the economic model that had brought to power the moderates and that they were concerned to maintain. Financial crisis, which bankrupted half of the banks. Also coincides with a crisis of livelihoods caused by crop failure, which is still affecting Spain. Yet, this country remains largely rural, which has resulted in a sharp increase in mortality. Social sectors mired in a general discontent provoked peasant revolts, military unrest and student protests as the night of St. Daniel in which students protested on behalf of professors as Emilio Castelar, apart from their chairs.

In August 1866 together Democrats and progressives in Belgium and reach the Covenant of Ostend, which undertake to overthrow Elizabeth II. Proposed universal male suffrage to elect a constituent assembly that would elect the form of government, whether monarchy or republic. Unionists, after the disappearance of O'Donnell also joined the pact with General Serrano, a supporter of the monarchy.

's death Narváez in 1866 left the crown in crisis. Bravo Gonzalez presided over the government until September, to take measures of repression and political and general banishing suspects. In this situation, the revolutionary preparations reached maturity in September 1868, when the Queen was enjoying the summer in San Sebastian. General Prim embarked in London bound for Cadiz, while a ship sailed for the Canary Islands to pick up there exiled General (Serrano, Sweet, Zabala, etc.). In Cadiz, the fleet, under Admiral Juan Bautista Topete awaiting orders. When he arrived Prim, 21 guns fired from the fleet, the country announced the dethronement Elizabeth II and is released on September 19 proclamation that concerns us. The Glorious Revolution had begun.

The Revolution of 1868 had some special features, so it was called "Glorious." Not only have produced a dethroning, which was important for more democratic liberalism, but because it meant more than a simple statement. We have to compare it perhaps with the revolutionary wave of 1848 by the social component. The Covenant of Ostend were representatives of the three parties oposicón: Unionists, liberals and Democrats who agreed to "destroy everything that exists in high places, but not directly advocated the republic.

This uncertainty is also manifest Topete. In fact, most of the text attempts to justify the lifting, appealing to the dignity of citizens, but does not develop a political agenda. The proclamation is published in the Gaceta de Madrid days later. Topete reported that its survey has the support of the Navy anchored in Cádiz, but more important is that advocates for sure that it represents the general will of the English. This is the general principle of any statement. The force of arms acquired its legitimacy, not the power under the fighting, but that is the symbol of the general will. The weapons are always a interim solution "until the nation recovers its sovereignty, stating his intention, and compliance."

Most Topete document serves to develop their own injustices of the reign of Isabel II. The reasons why only guns can return to the national sovereignty are exposed in the following way: the Constitution, ie the fundamental law serves the interests of a social group, so that citizens feel threatened. It's "trap" because it serves as a trap, legitimizes the power of this group to advocate as a representative of the nation. It is also alleged the conditions of the franchise, managed for always serve the party in government. But This corruption not only reaches the act of voting, but is general. This is the complaint of progressive liberals who can not gain power through legitimate means. Another

progressive aspirations is to give autonomy to municipalities, as had been attempted in the 1837 Constitution, which was gradually disappearing without being fulfilled. Parliamentary control of finance is also a security against the corruption of the administration and finance.

Education is also a workhorse of the progressives, especially after the tragic events that separated the river or Castelar Sanz their chairs, and caused the student uprising. Another battleground is the press, muzzled by their own deposits. Progressives had no legal means to disseminate their ideas, neither education nor the press.

The nature of social and economic protest movement is also evident with the complaint of the new wealth created under the moderates: "fortunes improvised", "defraud the public purse" ... In an environment of economic change, economic transition, easy to circumvent the law is great, especially if those who profit are those who control the legislative chambers. Financial capitalism is unregulated, allowing these easy money, they have the approval of power.

Topete is not convinced by arguments of how damaging this way of acting of capitalism, but appeals to the basic sense, the rejection of injustice, honor ...

Crown's role was essential in the political and institutional development of the reign of Isabel II. For the moderates, the Crown has an essential role in the political game. And after harvest Cánovas, the Crown has a moderating role, therefore the sovereignty was shared. However, the queen did not make this authority an instrument of reconciliation, but abused it to ward off the Liberal government progressive and try to governments tended to authoritarianism to the extent that the other political forces are allowed. That's why so Topete speaks of respect for a common law and that they want "in charge of observing the Constitution," ie, the queen, "lest your irreconcilable enemy."

All Ostende political program reflected in the document is the creation of an interim government representing all political forms. In practice, this interim government will be chaired by Serrano and Juan Prim man is strong and the rest will be many of the signatories of the proclamation. Was also in the plan Ostend universal suffrage for the election of Constituent Assembly. This will be the way for social regeneration. Regeneration is a concept that will soon become famous.


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Introduction to the Constitution of Cadiz

In the Name of Almighty God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, Author and Supreme Lawgiver of society.

The General and Extraordinary of the English nation well convinced, after the most careful consideration and mature deliberation, that the fundamental laws of this ancient monarchy, accompanied by appropriate orders and precautions to ensure a stable and permanent way his whole performance, able to fill properly the great object of promoting the glory, prosperity and the good of the whole nation, enact the following Constitution for the governance and proper administration of the State

Cadiz, 19 March 1812